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| the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies frm our environment. |
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| The process of organizing/interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain;s integration of sensory info |
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| info processing guided by higher-level mental processes-construct perceptions based on experience and expectation |
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the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
***attention, in any one moment, is in ONE place |
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failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
ex-basketball players & the gorilla |
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| failing to notice changes in environment |
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| fail to notice changes in or of a voice |
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| fail to notice changes in original choice |
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| FACE BLINDNESS - sensory normal (seeing the face of a friend) but perception jumbled (recognize hair, voice, but not the face) |
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| the stufy of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (ex. intensity) & our psychological experience of them |
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| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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| theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold & that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness |
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| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
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the minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
***just noticeable difference (jnd) |
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| the principle that to be perceived as different 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than an amount) |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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conversion of one form of energy into another.
***in sensation, the ransforming of stimulus energies (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret |
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the distance from peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
***Electromagnetic wavelengths vary form the short cosmic rays to long radio transmission |
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the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
***ROYGBIV (the rainbow) |
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| the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as lightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude (height) |
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Short wavelengths = High Frequency (blue)
Long waves = Low Frequency (red)
Great Amplitude = Tall (bright colors)Low Amplitude = Short (dull colors) |
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| protects the eye & bends light to provide focus |
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| adjustable opening in the center of eye through which light enters |
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colored muscle that adjusts light intake
***dilutes or constricts due to light or emotion |
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| focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina |
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| light-sensitive inner surface of the eye (receptor rods, cones, neurons) begin to process visual info via accomodation |
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process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near/far objects on the retina
***retina doesn't "see" a whole image-millions of receptor cells convert particles of light energy into neural impulses & forward info to the brain where they are assembled into a perceived, upright image |
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retinal receptors that detect black, white, & gray; necessary for peripheral & twilight vision when cones don't respond
***120mil. periphery. / light sensitivity. \ color & detail |
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retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina & function in daylight/well-lit conditions; detect detail & color sensations (6 mil)
***bipolar cells trigger ganglion cells after chemical changes spark neural signals
***axons from ganglion cells converge to form optic nerve |
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| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eyem to the brain |
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| point at which the optic nerve leves the eye = "blind spot" because no receptor cells are there |
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central focul point in the retina; help relay cone's messages to visual cortex
***rods share bipolar cells = send combined messages |
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retina--thalamus--brain's cortex--neural layers (encode & analyze sensory info)--rods & cones--bipolar cells--ganglion cells--axons/optic nerve--brain
***all relay to visual cortex
***retinal cells are so responsive that even pressure triggers them, but brain perceives it as light |
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nerve cells in the brain (visual cortex) that respond to certain features of the stimulus (shape, angle, movement, lines, edges)
***Supercell Clusters-teams of cells that responds to more complex patterns |
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processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions (vision)--contrasts w/ the serial processing of computers
***visual scene divided: color, motion, form, & depth |
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| localized area of blindness is a part of the field of vision (color, motion, form, & depth) |
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| color resides not in the object, but in our brain |
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| Young-Hemoltz Trichromatic Theory |
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| the retina contains 3 different color receptors (red, blue, green) when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color |
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if you stare at any color long enough & then look away you will see its Opponent Color
***red--green
***blue--yellow
***white--black |
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| opposing retinal processes enable color vision |
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| sense or act of hearing (highly adaptive); soundwaves--compress & expand air molecules--air pressure changes--vibration--nerve impulses--brain decodes as sounds--amplitude (strength) determines loudness |
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| number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
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a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
***measured in decibels |
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converts soundwaves into neural activity via mechanical chain reaction
***outer ear--ear drum--middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup)--cochlea--inner ear--oval window--hair cells--auditory nerve--auditory cortex |
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| channels the soundwaves through the auditory canal to the eardrum |
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| a tight membrane that vibrates with waves |
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| transmits the eardrum's vibrations through a piston made of 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) to the cochlea |
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| coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube (snail) in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses |
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innermost part of ear; cochlea, semicircular canals, & vestibular sacs
***cochlea's membrane (oval window) vibrates--jostles fluid--causes ripples in the Basilar Membrane--bend Hair Cells--trigger adjacent nerve cells--axons converge to form the auditory nerve--sends neural messages via thalamus to temporal lobe's auditory cortex |
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the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
***brain determine's pitch by recognizing the specific place on the membrane that is generating the neural signal
***explains HIGH sounds |
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the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
***explains LOW sounds |
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| neural cells can alternate firing |
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an organized whole. emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
***Necker Cube
***"in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts" |
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| the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
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perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
***Proximity-group nearby figures
***Similarity-group similar figures
***Continuity-perceive smooth, continuous patterns
***Connectedness-uniformed & linked become a single unit
***Closure-fill in gaps to create whole object |
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the ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strike the retina are 2D; judge distance
***develops with age |
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| depth cues, such as retinal desparity, that depends on the use of 2 eyes |
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a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes the distance
***the greater the "disparity" difference between the two images, the closer the object |
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| an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on & off in quick succession |
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perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shape, size, lightness, color) even as illumination & retinal images change
***top-down processing allows us to identify people & things |
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| the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted VISUAL field |
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another
***experiences, assumptions, expectations |
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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| the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; telepathy, clairvoyance, & precognition |
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| the study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis |
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*Telepathy: mind-to-mind communication; perceiving another's thoughts
*Clairvoyance: perceiving remote events (ex. my friend's house is on fire)
*Precognition: perceive future events
***Psychokinesis: "mind over matter" levitation w/ mind |
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