Term
| What sensation is evoked when chemicals in solution bind to receptors on the tongue and roof of mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Taste & Retronasal Olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactants enter through nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactants arise from the tongue and reach olfactory receptors via the of the retronasal pathway |
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Term
| Flavor is the result of __ sensory modalities acting at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 distinct tastes of the gustatory system? |
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Definition
-Bitter
-Sour
-Salty
-Sweet
-Umami (Savory) |
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Term
| Types of taste receptors are __ ____ _____ on the tongue, as originally believed. |
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Definition
| Not differently distributed |
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Term
| Where the taste receptors are on the tongue, all 5 submodalities are found ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Small, Rounded protuberances on the tongue |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of papillae we discussed and what are they? |
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Definition
-Filiform (No Taste Buds)
-Fungiform (Contain Taste buds, Like ones we haven’t discussed) |
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Term
| ____ are intricately tangled/twisted, like the cerebral cortex there are “valleys” between papillae |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste Buds have ~___-___ cells per bud |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ are embedded in the outer layer of papillae within the “valleys” of papillae |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste Buds are ___ Shaped |
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Definition
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Term
| What do taste buds consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Contain GCPRs for Sweet, Bitter, and umami
-They don’t make synaptic connections with neurons
-Receptors binding elicit Generator/Graded potentials that cause the release of a small chemical messenger that influence the action of type 3 cells and bare nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
-They contain ion-channel-coupled receptors for sour
-Generator/Graded potentials cause the release of the neuro transmitter serotonin (5-HT) into the synaptic cleft of axon terminals of sensory nerve endings.
-Dr. Lahoste believes salty receptors are ion channel coupled receptors located on type 3 cells |
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Term
| ____ ____ are the axons of bipolar sensory neurons. These axons can either have ____ _____ in proximity of type 2 cells, or form ____ ____ with type 3 cells |
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Definition
-Nerve Endings
-Bare Endings
-Synaptic Connections |
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Term
| What is at the apex of a taste bud that allows access to saliva, and thus chemicals in the saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are hair-cell-like extensions at the top of Type I-III cells (non-neural gustatory cells) that protrude into the taste pores |
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Definition
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Term
| Match “Type of Taste” with correct “Type of Receptor” and correct “Type of Taste Bud” |
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Definition
Salty: Ion channel receptor- Type III
Sour: Ion channel receptor- Type III
Bitter: G protein coupled receptor- Type II
Umami: G protein coupled receptor-Type II
Sweet: G protein coupled receptor- Type II |
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Term
| The receptor for umami is also formed by a _______. In this case the two GPCRs are ____ and ____. The other GPCR, for ____, does not form a dimer, either with itself or another GPRC. |
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Definition
-Heterodimer
-T1R1 and T1R3
-Bitter |
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Term
| When depolarizing by binding of a tastant to its receptor, type __ cells release a small messenger molecule that diffuses through the extracellular space. This second messenger reaches the ____ ___ ___of primary gustatory neurons, causing _____ of the bare nerve endings |
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Definition
-2
-bare nerve endings
-depolarization |
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Term
| ___ cells form synapses with primary gustatory neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding of _____ to receptors evokes generator potentials in these cells, which causes the release of the neurotransmitter _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ travels the synaptic cleft and binds to serotonin receptors in the _____ _____, a primary gustatory neuron. The binding of serotonin to its postsynaptic receptors causes depolarization of _____ _____ _____. |
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Definition
-Serotonin
-postsynaptic neuron
-primary gustatory neurons |
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Term
| How are the many varieties of taste that we sense encoded? |
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Definition
| -In GPCRs, the actual proteins vary due to polymorphisms (Variant Forms) in the genes encoding the proteins. For example “bitter” has 50 varieties and they form a code for a taste. |
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Term
| Sensory bipolar neurons have two similar ends, how can you differentiate the two ends? |
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Definition
-Processes that carry info towards cell body= Dendrites
-Processes that carry info away from cell body= Axons |
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Term
| Axons leaving the taste buds are bundled together to form parts of cranial nerves ___, ___ and ___. All three of these nerves send projections to the nucleus of the ___ ___ in the _____. Information is integrated there and projections travel to the ______ where they make synapses on thalamo-cortical neurons. Taste-related thalamo-cortical neurons make synapses in the ______ (primary gustatory cortex) and the ____ cortex, both in the frontal lobe. |
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Definition
-VII, IX and X
-Solitary tract
-Brainstem
-Thalamus
-Insula
-Orbitofrontal |
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Term
| The vestibular system provides information…. |
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Definition
| about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity |
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Term
| The anatomical basis of the vestibular sense are 1.____, 2.____, 3.___ and all of these are found where? |
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Definition
1.semi-circular canals
2.utricle
3.saccule
-Inner Ear |
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Term
| Each semi-circular canal aligns with one of three planes, what are the 3? |
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Definition
-Anterior (vertical with respect to gravity when the head is straight, still, and with no tilt in any dimension)
-Horizontal Canal
-Posterior Canal (Sagittal) |
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Term
| The plane that splits your head is called the ____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The head can move in 3 directions, corresponding to the ______, _____, and ______ _____conceptualized by the nautical terms roll, pitch and yaw |
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Definition
| Vertical, horizontal and sagittal planes |
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Term
| The vestibular hair cells have _____ that extend into the semi-circular, which is filled with ______. Stereocilia are of ____ lengths in a graded fashion. |
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Definition
-Stereocilia
-Endolymph
-Different |
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Term
| The longest stereocilla is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cilia of all hair cells are aligned with each other in ___ ____ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| This arrangement of decreasing height as you move away from the Kinocilium provides the cell with ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The vestibular apparatus is _____ in the head; when the head moves, the semicircular canals move with it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to ___ and ___ the endolymph stays where it is and doesn’t move with motion |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference in relative movement between the semi-circular canal and the endolymph causes the hair cells to ____ in the ____ ______ to the movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bending of hair cells in the direction of the kinocilium ________ and ____ the hair cell. When hair cells bend in the direction away from the kinocilium, the hair cell is _______, thus ____. |
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Definition
-depolarizes, excites
-hyperpolarized, Inhibited |
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Term
| Changes in electrical potential of hair cells is conveyed to the dendrite of the primary sensory neuron via release of an ______ transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| When hair cells are depolarized the dendrite _____ and when hair cells are hyperpolarized there is less release of excitatory transmitter thereby ________ the dendrite of the sensory neuron. |
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Definition
-Depolarizes
-Hyperpolarizing |
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Term
| The axons of the sensory neurons bundle together to form the vestibular branch of the _________ ____. Axons of the vestibular branch enter the brain at the level of the ____, where they form synapses with vestibulo-thalamic neurons in the _______ ____. |
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Definition
-Vestibulocochlear nerve
-Pons
-Vestibular nuclei |
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Term
| Axons of the vestibulo-thalamic neurons form synapses with ______-______ ____ in the thalamus. |
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Definition
| -thalamo-cortical neurons |
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Term
| Thalamo-cortical neurons project to several areas of the cortex, but primarily the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The insula is deep within the brain, in the frontal lobe where it abuts the temporal lobe, in the _____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the ability to select one aspect of a person’s sensorium and disregard the rest |
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Definition
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Term
| This can be achieved by directing the sensory organ toward the stimulus (_____) or it can be achieved with no change in the direction of sensory organs (____). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three other types of attention other than overt and covert? |
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Definition
-Selective Attention- ability to select one of many stimuli
-Divided Attention- ability to select between 1 or 2 (or more) stimuli in succession, giving appearance of being able to do more than one thing
-Vigilant Attention- sustained attention |
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Term
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Definition
| -Vision is focused on a dot in middle of the two sides, then a cue is shown on one side and then the target shown on one side. There are two types of cues- Valid cue (accurately predicts where the target will be) and invalid cue (misdirects the subject where the target will be). |
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Term
| A peripheral cue is located where the ______ ______ will be found |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ ____is not located where the target will be, in addition, some characteristic of the cue symbolizes where the target will appear symbolic cue |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Dependent Variable in the Posner’s Cueing Paradigm |
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Definition
| The time it takes the subject to respond after the target appears is called the Reaction Time |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Reaction Time in the Posner Paraigm: |
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Definition
RT is faster for a valid cue than for an invalid cue.
RT is faster for a peripheral cue than for a symbolic cue. |
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Term
| What are the 3 Disorders of Attention |
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Definition
-Schiophrenia
-Right Parietal Hemi-Neglect
-ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hyper-divided attention, causes fragmentation of thoughts |
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Term
| Right Parietal Hemi-Neglect |
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Definition
| -Neglect as an attentional problem |
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Term
| Patients with damage to the ______ parietal lobe ignore stimuli in the left side of their field-of-view |
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Definition
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Term
Patients with Right Parietal Hemi-Neglect have the missing info in their brain but not ________ to
________ thought |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is primarily a disorder of attention |
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Definition
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Term
| All anti-ADHD drugs increase synaptic levels of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD child has a _____ deficit |
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Definition
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Term
| the DA deficit is specific for the ______ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| DA has 5 diferent receptor subtypes called… |
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Definition
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Term
| Prefrontal cortex only has ____ receptors and its _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most people have 2, 4, 7 fold repeated sequence, D4.7 is _______ compared to DA relative to ___ and ____ receptors |
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Definition
-Hypo sensitive
-D4.2, D4.4 it is accepted that in ________, there is an overabundance of D4.7.
-ADHD |
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