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Sensory System OBSR
Sensory System OBSR Class 4
62
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/02/2011
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Term
__________ __________ are structures that detect the qualitative information about changes in the internal or external environment.
 Definition
1) Sensory receptors
Term
Neurons transmit information via __________ __________, or action potentials.
 Definition
1) Electrical signals
Term
__________ __________ is the conversion of stimulus energy to electrical signals (action potentials).
 Definition
1) Energy transduction
Term
__________ __________ are specialized to receive a particular type of stimulus.
 Definition
1) Sensory receptors
Term
__________ __________ consist of neuron endings (__________) or specialized cells in close contact with neurons.
 Definition
1) Sensory receptors
2) Dendrites
Term
Sensory receptors produced receptor potentials (__________ __________).
 Definition
1) Graded responses
Term
What are the four primary steps that sensory systems undergo for stimuli integration?
 Definition
1) Reception
2) Energy transduction
3) Transmission
4) Integration
Term
The greater the strength of a stimulus, the larger the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Receptor potential
Term
The larger the receptor potentials, the larger the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Action potentials
Term
Sensation of stimulus intensity depends on rate of __________ __________ reaching sensory areas of __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Action potentials
2) Cerebral cortex
Term
If the __________ __________ becomes lower, than the receptor potential also decreases and thus the frequency of __________ __________ also decreases.
 Definition
1) Receptor sensitivity
2) Action potential
Term
The release of neurotransmitters may __________ in response to a series of action potentials.
 Definition
1) Decrease
Term
The three types of receptors classified on the source of stimulus are:
 Definition
1) Exteroceptors
2) Proprioceptors
3) Interoceptors
Term
The four types of receptors classified on the type of stimulus are:
 Definition
1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Thermoreceptors
4) Photoreceptors
Term
The type of energy transduced by thermoreceptors is __________.
 Definition
1) Heat
Term
The type of energy transduced by electroreceptors and electromagnetic receptors is __________.
 Definition
1) Electrical
Term
The type of energy transduced by nocioreceptors (pain receptors) is __________, __________, __________, or __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Mechanical
2) Pressure (physical force such as strong touch)
3) Heat (extreme temperatures)
4) Damaging chemicals
Term
The type of energy transduced by mechanoreceptors is __________.
 Definition
1) Mechanical (change shape as a result of being pushed or pulled)
Term
The type of energy transduced by chemoreceptors is __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Chemical compounds
Term
The type of energy transduced by photoreceptors is __________.
 Definition
1) Light
Term
__________ transduce mechanical energy and are responsible for touch, pressure, gravity, stretch, and movement.
 Definition
1) Mechanoreceptors
Term
Merkel's discs are located __________ the surface.
 Definition
1) Near
Term
Merkel's discs respond to sensitive __________ and __________ and adapt __________.
 Definition
1) Touch
2) Pressure
3) Slowly
Term
Mesinner's corpuscles are located __________ the surface and a very thin membrane surrounds the __________.
 Definition
1) Near
2) Dendrites
Term
Mesinner's corpuscles are sensitive to __________ __________ and __________ and adapt __________ to a __________ stimulus.
 Definition
1) Light touch
2) Pressure
3) Quickly
4) Sustained
Term
Pacinian corpuscles are __________ from the surface; a neuron ending is surrounded by concentric __________ tissue layers.
 Definition
1) Farther
2) Connective
Term
Pacinian corupuscles are sensitive to quick __________ __________; they are more sensitive to stimuli that __________.
 Definition
1) Deep pressure
2) Vibrate
Term
Ruffini corpuscles are located not very __________ or __________ from the surface.
 Definition
1) Near
2) Far
Term
Ruffini corpuscles respond to __________ __________ and __________ and adapt __________.
 Definition
1) Heavy touch
2) Pressure
3) Slowly
Term
Pain receptors are __________ the surface and have __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Near
2) Naked dendrites
Term
Stretch receptors are found in muscle __________ __________ and are important for __________; this also depends on __________ __________
 Definition
1) Golgi tendons 2) Proprioception 3) Pacinian corpuscles
Term
The __________ allows for the focus of soundwaves.
 Definition
1) Auricle
Term
Sequence of Events in Hearing
1. Sound waves enter the external auditory canal and the __________ __________ vibrates.
2. The __________, __________, and __________ amplify vibrations.
3. The __________ __________ vibrates.
4. Vibrations are conducted through fluid.
5. The __________ __________ vibrates.
6. Hair cells in the __________ of __________ are stimulated.
7. __________ __________ transmits impulses to the brain.
 Definition
1) Tympanic membrane
2) Malleus, incus, stapes
3) Oval window
4) Basilar membrane
5) Organ of Corti
6) Cochlear nerve
Term
How the Organ of Corti Works
1. Vibrations transmitted by the malleus, incus, and stapes set the fluid in the __________ __________ in motion.
2. These vibrations are transmitted to the __________ __________ and as the membrane vibrates, the __________ __________ of the Organ of Corti rub against the overlying __________ __________.
3. This stimulation depolarizes the __________ __________, generating action potentials in the sensory neurons of the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Tympanic canal
2) Basilar membrane
3) Hair cells
4) Tectorial membrane
5) Hair cells
6) Cochlear nerve
Term
Together, the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals are referred to as the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Vestibular system
Term
__________ are bones composed of calcium carbonate which move when you move at different angles.
 Definition
1) Otoliths
Term
The saccule and utricle sense __________ __________, or how fast you are moving in one direction.
 Definition
1) Linear acceleration
Term
The semicircular canals sense __________ __________, or turning movements.
 Definition
1) Angular acceleration
Term
The semicircular canals have __________, which are similar to hair cells found in the __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Crista
2) Utricle
3) Saccule
Term
Taste buds are also referred to as __________.
 Definition
1) Papillae
Term
__________ are responsible for detecting taste, or __________.
 Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Gustation
Term
__________ are responsible for detecting smell, or __________.
 Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Olfaction
Term
What are the five main tastes which can be detected by the tongue?
 Definition
1) Bitter
2) Sweet
3) Salty
4) Sour
5) Oomami
Term
Process of Taste Reception
1. Sugar molecule binds with receptor in __________ __________ of taste receptor cell.
2. __________ __________ is activated which activates __________ __________.
3. ATP is then converted to __________ __________.
4. Cyclic AMP activates a __________ __________ that closes __________ channels.
 Definition
1) Plasma membrane
2) G protein
3) Adenylyl cyclase
4) Cyclic AMP
5) Protein kinase
6) K+ or Potassium
Term
Smell depends on thousands of __________ cells in the roof of the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Chemoreceptor
2) Nasal cavity
Term
The receptor cells for smell are neurons located in the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Olfactory epithelium
Term
The __________ focuses light.
 Definition
1) Lens
Term
The __________ contains the rods and cones photoreceptors.
 Definition
1) Retina
Term
The __________ is the outermost layer which protects the eye.
 Definition
1) Sclera
Term
The __________ is the area where light enters.
 Definition
1) Pupil
Term
The __________ __________ is very watery and provides a great amount of protection.
 Definition
1) Anterior cavity
Term
The difference between endolymph and perilymph is found with the __________ __________ of each.
 Definition
1) Ion concentration
Term
Rod Cells in the Dark
1. When __________ in the photoreceptor cells is not being stimulated, __________ __________ binds causing __________ ion channels to open.
2. Rod cells depolarize and release __________ continuously, __________ the bipolar cell next in line.
3. When the __________ cell hyperpolarizes, it does not release its transmitter at the bipolar-ganglion synapse.
4. The __________ is not excited
5. No signal
 Definition
1) Rhodopsin
2) Cyclic GMP
3) Na+
4) Glutamate
5) Hyperpolarizing
6) Biploar
7) Synapse
Term
Rod Cells in the Light 1. When light hits photoreceptive pigment in rod cell, the pigment (__________) changes shape. 2. This structural change leads to activation of __________ __________ __________. 3. Breaks cGMP into __________-__________ 4. Reduction of cGMP allows the ion channels to close, preventing the influx of __________ ions. 5. __________ cell hyperpolarizes; no release of neurotransmitter. 6. Bioploar cell can now depolarize, releasing __________. 7. The entire process by which light initiates a sensory response is called __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Rhodopsin 2) Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase 3) 5'-GMP 4) Positive 5) Rod 6) Neurotransmitter 7) Visual phototransduction
Term
To focus on distant objects, the __________ __________ relaxes and the __________ becomes more ovoid.
 Definition
1) Ciliary muscle
2) Lens
Term
In __________ or __________, distant objects are seen clearly , but not close ones: eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature, so light entering your eye is not focused correctly.
 Definition
1) Farsightedness
2) Hyperopia
Term
__________ or __________, occurs when light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina instead of directly on it.
 Definition
1) Nearsightedness
2) Myopia
Term
A __________ cell has connections on both ends.
 Definition
1) Bipolar
Term
Light Pathway
1. Light passes through __________.
2. Through __________ __________.
3. Through __________.
4. Through __________ __________.
5. Image forms on photoreceptor cells in __________.
6. Signals __________ cells.
7. Signals __________ cells.
8. __________ __________ transmits signals to thalamus.
9. Integration by visual areas of __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Cornea
2) Aqueous fluid
3) Lens
4) Vitreous body
5)
Term
Receptors that adopt slowly, or not at all, are __________ receptors; receptors that adapt quickly are called __________ receptors.
 Definition
1) Tonic
2) Phasic
Term
The __________ is the fluid found within the membranous and bony labyrinth.
 Definition
1) Endolymph
Term
The vestibular canal and tympanic canal are connected at the apex of the cochlea and are filled with a fluid called __________.
 Definition
1) Perilymph
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