Term
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Definition
| a joint that offers a compromise between need for strength and need for mobility |
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Term
| Name the 2 ways we classify joints |
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Definition
1. Structure
2. Range of motion |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of anatomical joints? Describe each. |
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Definition
1.Bony fusion (immovable)
2 bones fuse into 1
2. Fibrous joints (immovable and slightly movable)
fibrous tissue binds bones together
3. Cartilaginous joints (immovable and slightly movable)
cartilage binds bones together
4. Synovial joints (freely movable)
ligaments bind bones together |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of joints classified by their range of motion? Describe each. |
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Definition
1. Synarthrosis (Immovable joint)
Fibrous or cartilaginous
Over time, bones may fuse
2. Amphiarthrosis (Slightly movable joint)
Fibrous or cartilaginous
3. Diarthrosis (Freely movable joint)
Aka. Synovial joint
Subdivisions according to nature of movement permitted |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between structure and function of joints. |
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Definition
| Structure of joint determines type and amount of movement that may occur. |
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Term
| what 5 factors help stabilize joints? |
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Definition
1. Great range of motion, weaker joint
2. Collagen fibers of joint capsule and accessory ligaments
3. Presence of other bones, muscles or fat pads around joint
4. Tendons attached to articulating bones
5. Shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci prevents movement in specific direction |
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Term
| define dislocation and name three possible sites for damage due to dislocation. |
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Definition
Dislocation: articulating surfaces forced out of position
Displacement can damage:
articular cartilages
tear ligaments
distort the joint capsule |
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Term
| define synarthroses joints, give moment capabilities, structure, and 4 examples |
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Definition
Bony edges close together, may interlock with fibers or cartilage.
Extremely strong joints
Movement between bones prevented
1. Skull bones: sutures are dense fibrous CT
2. Tooth and socket: fibrous connection
3. 1st pair of vertebrosternal ribs and sternum: connected by cartilage
4. Diaphysis and epiphysis of growing long bone: connected by epiphyseal cartilage
5. Epiphyseal lines of mature long bones: parts of bone have fused |
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Term
| define amphiarthroses, give structure, movement capabilities, and 3 examples. |
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Definition
More movement than synarthrosis
Stronger than freely movable joint
Articulating bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage
1. Distal articulation of tibia and fibula: bones connected by ligament
2. Between vertebral bodies: bones separated by wedge of fibrous cartilage
3. Connection of 2 pubic bones: connected by pad of fibrous cartilage |
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Term
| why are diarthroses (aka _ joints) so different from ampiarthroses and synarthroses joints? is this joint stronger or weaker than the other types? |
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Definition
| (synovial joints) they are bounded by a capsule containing synovial fluid. They're weaker than other joints. |
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Term
| Name the 3 subcategories of synovial joints. list their planes, and give 2 examples of each. |
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Definition
1. monaxial -1 plane. Elbow, ankle
2. Biaxial - 2 planes. ribs, wrist
3. Triaxial - 3 planes. shoulder, hip |
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Term
| describe the structure of synovial joints from the outside in. |
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Definition
fibrous articular capsule continuous with periostea of articulating bones
Synovial membrane lines wall of cavity (not articulating surfaces)
Synovial fluid fills joint cavity |
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Term
| how do synovial joints read pain? |
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Definition
No pain receptors or nerves inside of joint
Pain from dislocation comes from nerves associated with outside of capsule, ligaments and tendons |
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Term
| describe the function and structure of articulating cartilage of synovial joints. what happens when this is damaged? |
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Definition
Function:
Covers articulating bones. When pressure applied, opposing cartilage doesn’t touch
Surfaces slick and smooth, reduces friction during movement at joint
Structure:
Layer of synovial fluid in between, minimizes friction, acts like sponge
If damaged:
joint isn’t functional
Smooth surface changes to rough bristly collagen fibers, due to breakdown of the cartilage matrix
Results in increased friction at joint |
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Term
| What is synovial fluid? This (proteoglycans) is found in higher amounts to increase viscosity. Name and describe it's 3 functions. |
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Definition
Resembles interstitial fluid
Has increased proteoglycans
Functions:
1. Shock absorber, cushions shock in joint subject to compression: hip, knee, ankle
Increased pressure, fluid distributed evenly across surfaces and outward toward edges of capsules
2. Lubrication
Articular cartilages like sponges
Cartilage pressed, fluid squeezes out into space between opposing surfaces
3. Nutrient distribution and Waste-disposal route
For chondrocytes of articular cartilage
Circulates as joint moves
Pumped into and out of cartilage matrix |
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Term
| what are the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints? |
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Definition
| menisucus, fat pad, ligaments, tendons, and bursae |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrocarilage pad between opposing articular surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| adipose tissue that fills in space as joint moves, and protects articular cartilages |
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Term
| define ligaments. why do they take so long to repair? |
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Definition
| they are very strong ropes of collagen. it takes time to repair due to no direct blood supply. all the nutrients must diffuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| ligament stretched to point where some collagen fibers tear. |
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Term
| What do tendons attatch? does it help or hurt ROM? what kind of support does it provide? |
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Definition
| attaches muscle to bone. mechanical support, strengthens joint, can hinder ROM |
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Term
| describe the function, structure, and location of bursae |
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Definition
function: friction reduction, absorbs shock
structure: small fluid-filled pockets in CT lined w/synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid
location: where tendons/ligaments rub against other tissues |
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Term
| what's bursitis? how does it form |
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Definition
| inflammation due to friction, pressure, irritation, infection or trauma. usually formed from repetitive motion. ex: tennis elbow, housemaid's knee |
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Term
| what's a bunion? where is it usually found? |
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Definition
| pressure-related bursitis. usually at base of great toe. |
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Term
| Name the 4 types of movements at synovial joints. |
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Definition
| linear, angular, rotation, special |
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Term
| explain linear motion, give 3 examples, what direction does this move? |
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Definition
2 opposing surfaces gliding past each other. movement in almost any direction, but slight.
tarsal bones, cavicle and sertnum, carpal bones |
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Term
| explain the 6 directions angular motion. |
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Definition
Flexion: anterior-posterior plane, decrease angle between articulating elements
Extension: anterior-posterior plane, increases angle between articulating elements, back to anatomical position
Hyperextension: increases angle between articulating elements past anatomical position
Generally prevented by ligaments, bony processes
Abduction: away from longitudinal axis in frontal plane or from a central digit (fingers and toes)
Adduction: toward body
Circumduction: moving arm in a loop
Hand moves in circle, but arm does not rotate |
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Term
| explain the 6 directions of rotation. |
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Definition
right/left (head rotation)
medial (inward rotation, anterior surface of limb turns toward long axis of trunk)
Lateral (outward rotation)
Supination: palm is turned anteriorly, anatomical position
Pronation: palm faces posterior |
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Term
| explain inversion/eversion. what category is this movement under? |
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Definition
inversion- sole inward
eversion - sold outward
special movements |
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Term
| explain dorsiflexion/plantar flexions. what movement category is this under? |
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Definition
dorsiflexion- heel walk
plantar - ballerina toes
special movements |
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Term
| explain opposition, protraction, and retraction. what type of movements are these? |
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Definition
opposition - thumb towards palm or fingers
protraction - moving anterior on a horizontal plane
retraction- moving posterior on a horizontal plane
special movements |
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Term
| explain elevation, depression, and lateral flexion. what type of movements are these? |
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Definition
depression: inferior movement
elevation: superior movement
Lateral Flexion: vertebral column bends to the side
special movements |
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Term
| describe a gliding joint. what type of movement does it provide? give 5 examples |
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Definition
1. Slight Nonaxial or multiaxial movement
Flattened or slightly curved faces
Movement very slight
Ligaments prevent rotation
Intertarsal, intercarpal joints
Clavicle and sternum joint
Sacroiliac joint
Vertebrocostal joints |
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Term
Monoaxial include what 2 joints?
give description and examples of each. |
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Definition
Hinge joint
Permits angular motion in a single plane
Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Pivot joint
Permits only rotation
Atlas/axis, proximal radio-ulnar joint |
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Term
| biaxial joints are known as __ joints. how do they move (along how many planes in what motion) give examples |
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Definition
Ellipsoidal joint: oval articular face nestles in a depression of opposing surface.
Angular motion in 2 planes: along or across length of oval
Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal , metatarsophalangeal joints |
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Term
| Triaxial joints are known as __ joints. what types of movements do these provide? |
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Definition
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression of another
Permits all combinations of angular and rotational movements (including circumduction)
Shoulder joint
Hip joint |
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Term
what kind of joints are intervertebral articulations? what kind of angular motions does it provide?
where are these located? |
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Definition
Gliding joint with
slight flexion and rotation of vertebral column
Between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
| what are intervertebral disks made of? why does our height shrink when we age? |
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Definition
Fibrous cartilage = intervertebral disc
Discs roughly ¼ length of vertebral column.
As we age, lose water, disc compress, shrinkage of height |
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Term
| compare/contrast slipped and herniated discs. |
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Definition
As ligaments weaken, center of intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) forces outer part of disc (anulus fibrosus) into vertebral canal = slipped disc
Herniated disc: nucleus pulposus breaks through and protrudes into vertebral canal. Herniated disc lead to sensory nerve distortion |
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Term
your shoulder joint is known as the __ joint.
what type of synovial joint is this?
what 6 types of movement are allowed?
which muscles are involved and how? |
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Definition
glenohumeral. Ball-n-socket diarthrosis (triaxial)
Rotator cuff muscles originate on trunk,
pectoral girdle and humerus insert onto scapula and
cover the anterior, superior and posterior surfaces of capsule
Movement allowed:
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction and rotation |
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Term
| which joint has the greatest range? |
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Definition
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Term
| your elbow joint is known as the __ joints. involves what 3 bones? |
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Definition
Elbow Joint = humero-ulnar and humeroradial
radius, humerus, ulna. |
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Term
| the elbow's stability is due to what 3 factors? |
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Definition
Stable due to:
1. Bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock
2. Single, thick articular capsule surrounds humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints
3. Articular capsule reinforced by strong ligaments |
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Term
| what type of joint is your elbow joint, and what type of movement does it provide? |
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Definition
Hinge diarthrosis (monaxial)
Movement
Flexion/extension |
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