Term
| What theory says that schooling performs many vital tasks for the operation of society, including socialization, cultural innovation, social integration, social placement, and latent functions including bringing like minded people of marriage age together? |
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Definition
| Structural-functionalist. |
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Term
| What theory says that on a micro level, how teachers define their students as well as how students think of themselves can become real to everyone and affect student's educational performance? (As stated by the Thomas thereom.) |
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Definition
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Term
| What theory says that on a macro level, schooling maintains social inequality through unequal schooling for rich and poor. Within individual schools, tracking provides priveleged children with a better education than poor children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the most major problems in schools today? |
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Definition
| Discipline and Violence issues, students who are bored, rigid uniformity, numerical ratings given to students(teach to test), rigid expectations, specialization of teachers, little individual responsibility. |
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Term
| How does health differ from high-income countries to low-income countries? |
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Definition
The high-income countries do not die from easily curable diseases as often. Also, the ideas of what health means are different from place to place.
EX: being overweight is somewhat normal in USA, and having a persistent skin rash might be considered normal in another country. |
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Term
| What theory involves the idea of the sick role, and that thought that illness is dysfunctional for society because it prevents people from carrying out their daily roles? They have to take time to get well. |
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Definition
| Structural-functionalist. |
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Term
| What are four ways society affects people's health? |
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Definition
1. Cultural patterns define health
2.Cultural standards of health change over time.
3. A societies technology affects people's health
4. Social inequality |
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Term
| What theory says that societies define "health" and "illness" differently according to their living standards? Also, how people define their own health affects how they actually feel. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three views of health and medicine held by the social conflict view? |
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Definition
1. Health is linked to social inequality. Rich people have more access to better care.
2. Capitalist medical care is more about making money than caring for people.
3. Scientific medicine downplays the social causes of illness, including racism, poverty, and sexism. |
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Term
| What is an approach to health care that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a persons entire physical and social environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of health care focuses on the science behind illness and the science behind healing the problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the major health problems in the US? |
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Definition
| Obesity, and all the diseases that are attached to that, cigarette smoking, eating disorders and STDs. |
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Term
| What is the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average life span of a country's population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement of people into and out of a specified territory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of human population? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a population's natural growth rate calculated? |
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Definition
| Subtract the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. |
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Term
| What is the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What complex measure is a graphic representation of the age and sex of a population? |
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Definition
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Term
| The richer countries in the world usually have a ________ natural growth rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do lower income countries usually have a wide bottom of the age-sex pyramid, but it quickly narrows? |
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Definition
| This represents a very high birth rate with a low life expectancy. (A higher mortality rate at younger ages.) |
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Term
| How many people are we currently gaining each year now? (Approx.) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Malthusian theory state? |
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Definition
That population would increase in geometric progression.(2,4,8,16,32)
That food production would increase only in an arithmetic progression.(2,4,6,8,10) He believed we would quickly become a world full of starving people. |
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Term
| What were two of the ways Malthus' theory was flawed? |
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Definition
1. With industrialization, children became a liability rather than an asset.(The birth rate declined at this point.)
2. Modern farming techniques allow us to produce much more food. |
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Term
| What is a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development? |
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Definition
| Demographic transition theory?. |
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Term
| What is the first stage of the demographic transition theory? |
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Definition
| Stage 1: Preindustrial agrarian societies have high birth rates because of economic value of children and little birth control. |
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Term
| What is the second stage of the demographic transition theory? |
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Definition
| Stage 2: Onset of industrialization. Death rates fall, birth rates remain high. The result is rapid population growth. |
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Term
| What is the third stage of the demographic transition theory? |
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Definition
| Stage 3: Mature industrial economy. Birth rate drops because children are now a liability. |
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Term
| What is the fourth stage of the demographic transition theory? |
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Definition
| Stage 4: Birth rate keeps falling. Slow population increase due to steady death rate. (USA, Europe, Japan) |
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Term
| Why do poor low income countries now account for 82% of earth's people and 98% of global population increase? |
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Definition
| Advanced modern technologies have decreased death rate, but birth rate still remains high. (They are in a mix of different stages of the demographic transition) |
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Term
| What is the rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gap between High and low income countries that display very different population dynamics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of population into cities. |
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Term
| When did the first urban revolution begin? |
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Definition
| Around 10,000-12,000 years ago. the first known city was Jericho. |
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Term
| What did the industrial revolution in 1750 trigger? |
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Definition
| The second urban revolution. First in Europe, and then North America. |
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Term
| When did urban decentralization begin? |
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Definition
| Around the 1950's in the US. |
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Term
| What is urban decentralization? |
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Definition
| The movement of people out of cities into surrounding suburbs. |
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Term
| What is a large city that dominates an urban area socially and economically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "edge cities" that urban decentralization has created? |
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Definition
| Business centers some distance from the old downtowns. Population of edge cities peak during the day. (Most people do not actually live there.) |
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Term
| What theory did German sociologist Tonnies come up with? |
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Definition
| Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. |
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Term
| What does Gesellschaft mean? |
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Definition
| Refers to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest. This to him described the modern city. (urbanization creates this.) |
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Term
| What does Gemeinschaft mean? |
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Definition
| Refers to a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition. (the rural village) |
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Term
| What did Emile Durkheim believe? |
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Definition
| He agreed a lot with Tonnies, but with some modifications. He countered that urbanites do not lack social bonds, they simply organize social life differently than rural people. |
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Term
| What is Durkheim's mechanical solidarity? |
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Definition
| Social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. He believed urbanization erodes mechanical solidarity, but also generates a new type of bonding. |
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Term
| What did Durkheim call the new type of bonding that occurs after mechanical solidarity decays? |
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Definition
| Organic solidarity; social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. |
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Term
| What did Tonnies and Durkheim agree on? Where did their views differ? |
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Definition
They agreed that urbanization weakens tradition.
However, Durkheim optimistically pointed out that societies would be built on a new kind of solidarity...one built on difference rather than likeness. |
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Term
| What did Georg Simmel propose about city societies? |
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Definition
| They develop a blase attitude not because they don't care about others, but in order to survive with that many people around them. |
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Term
| What is the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered the natural environment? |
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Definition
| Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life. |
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Term
| The planet is a single ecosystem. What does that mean? |
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Definition
| It encompasses the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment. |
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Term
| What is a profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three reasons understanding environmental deficit is important? |
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Definition
1. they are sociological problems(What each society deems important affects it)
2. They are mostly unintended. (educate!)
3. They are reversible! |
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Term
| What is the logic of growth? |
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Definition
| "People are clever." "having things is good" and "life gets better." Our culture defines success and growth in terms of "always more". |
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Term
| What are two reasons environmentalists say that the logic of growth is flawed? |
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Definition
1. It assumes that we can always think our way out of any problem.
2. It assumes that natural resources will always be plentiful. |
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Term
| What is the idea that humanity must put in place policies to control the growth of population, production, and the use of resources in order to avoid environmental collapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much solid waste do Americans generate every day? |
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Definition
| About 1.4 billion pounds. |
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Term
| What is the hydrologic cycle? |
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Definition
| The way our planet naturally recycles water and refreshes the land. |
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Term
| What are three major concerns with water use? |
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Definition
1. Only one-tenth of 1 percent of the earth's water is suitable for drinking.
2. Water pollution
3. Our water use has increased dramatically. |
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Term
| What are two reasons air pollution is still a growing concern in poorer nations? |
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Definition
1.They still rely on many "dirty" fuels for everyday use. (wood, coal, peat)
2. Nations interested in quick industrial development usually don't care about long term dangers of air pollution. |
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Term
| What are regions of dense forestation, most of which circle close to the equator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is conspicuous consumption? |
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Definition
| The American way of life. Material high-end brands to show your affluence to those around you. |
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Term
| With all the deforestation, rain forests are currently ____ their original size. |
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Definition
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Term
| How fast are the rain forests currently shrinking annually? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two reasons rain forests are so important? |
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Definition
1.They cleanse the atmosphere of Carbon dioxide.(Which has been steadily increasing since the industrial revolution.)
2. They release pure oxygen! |
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Term
| What does carbon dioxide in our atmosphere do? |
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Definition
| Acts as a glass roof, allowing heat to pass through, but preventing much of it from leaving. |
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Term
| What is a rise in the earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
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Definition
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Term
| Patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an ecologically sustainable culture? |
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Definition
| A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of the future generations. |
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Term
| What are 3 strategies of sustainability? |
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Definition
1. Bring population growth under control
2. conserve finite resources
3. reduce waste |
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