Term
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Definition
| Activating particular associations in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited bu an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition". |
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Term
| overconfidence phenomenon |
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Definition
| The tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. |
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Term
| regression toward the average |
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Definition
| The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory of how people explain others' behavior--for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes( or to external situations. |
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Term
| dispositional attribution |
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Definition
| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing behavior to the environment. |
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Term
| spontaneous trait inference |
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Definition
| An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. (Also called correspondence bias, because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
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