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| what is the best way to get representative samples? |
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| If there is deception in your experiment you must use __________. |
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| Aronson & Carlsmith criticisms against experiments? |
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| the extent to which the experimental situation/task is something that participants might do in real life(reading a news paper or driving their car) |
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when the experiment is real to the participant
-get them to behave in a way that it is meaningful to what you're doing. If you're looking at the effect of fear on performance in some task for example, your manipulation needs to actually make the participant afraid; |
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| – the IV is responsible for the DV |
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| the experimental demonstration that a test is measuring the construct it claims to be measuring |
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| Having to do with statistics |
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| doesnt have random assignments |
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-High on self-monitoring, you will change your opinions to conform to your audience (politicians
-Low on self-monitoring, they will not change according to their audience |
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| Comparing ourselves to other who are like us |
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| Downward social comparison |
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comparing ourselves to those who are doing worse than we are.
- this is an attempt to increase self-esteem |
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| when you tell yourself something so much you make it your reality. |
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| Snyder, Tanke & Berschad- Telephone study |
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-Attractive condition & unattractive conditions... people talk on the phone and are shown false pictures of attractive/unattractive people. told pics were of ppl they were talking to on the phone.
Self-Fulfilling prophecy!! |
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| Colley Looking glass self |
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| people conform to how they think others think them to be,"if you think I am smart then I must be smart" |
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| Situationalism (a perspective of social psychologists) |
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| The perspective that the situation is more important that personality (according to social psychologists) |
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| Who gave us attribution theory? (2 kinds of causal attributions) |
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| internal attributions (Heider) |
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-personality traits
Ex: we attribute the behavior of a person to their naivety or reliability or jealousy |
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| external attributions (Heider) |
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External factors which influence
Ex: situational or environment |
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| Who gave us Distinctiveness and what is it? |
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| Kelley (1976) examines if the behavior varies across different situations...consistency over time |
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| Who gave us Fundamental Attributional Error and what is it? |
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Ross! Describes the tendency for observer’s to attribute other people’s behavior to internal or dispositional factors and to downplay situational causes.
(also called the correspondence bias) |
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| Mis-attribution paradigm – Schacter and Singer (1962) |
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-when experiencing Psychological arousal, Environment allows the person to label the emotion
-If you don’t’ know why you are aroused, you look to the environment |
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| T/F Self-attributions tolerance is MORE likely to be maintained than drug increasing tolerance |
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| True. Self-Attribution theory is more likely to be maintained when compared to drug increasing tolerance |
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| Who gave us Expectancy Bias and what is it? |
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Rosenthal
-the tendency of the experimenters expectations to bias results |
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| Self Perception theory (Daryl BEM) |
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when people are conditioned from external/environment ques(Its noon, YES i am hungry)
Truth light - he believes himself
Lie light – he does not believe himself |
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| Arronsons and Cope Article |
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o My enemy’s enemy is my friend (Title of the aricle)
Supervisor was either Pleasant or Unpleasant to experimenter
-Experimenter who had (Earlier) been pleasant or unpleasant to the participant
-Participant has to decide how many pone calls he will make for the supervisor |
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| Who gave us Cognitive Dissonance theory and what is it? |
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Festinger! Doing something which is at odds with our vales.
-Dissonant (I know I smoke, but I know smoking causes cancer) |
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| What is the Galvanic Skin response? |
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| More electricity in the skin when emotionally aroused |
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| First “school” of psychology? |
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| Structuralistm – Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchner |
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| Second school of psychology? |
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| -Functionalism – functions of the mind are more important than the structure – John Dewey, James Angell, Harvey Carr |
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| Who was the founder of Behavioralism? |
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| Watson (followed by Clark Hull, B.F. Skinner) |
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| Frits Heirer’s balance principle |
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-“if A likes B and B likes C, then A is expected to like C”
-“A likes B and B dislikes C, A should dislike C
-“If A dislikes B and B dislikes C, A should like |
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| Indirect Attribution (requires debriefing) |
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| you tell the participant of an experiment something which has NOTHING to do with what you are studying |
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| Who conducted the Telephone study? (attractive and unattractive grps) |
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| What is Festinger famous for? |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
(also called the correspondence bias) |
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| What is another name for Attribution error? |
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| what is correspondence theory? |
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Jones and David (1965)
When the attribution and the behavior match |
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| when someone is behaving for my consumption (they know you’re watching, behaving himself because they know you’re watching and they’re trying to impress you) |
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| having to do with expected patterns |
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2 kinds of causal attributions
Internal: personal, dispositional
External: environmental, situational |
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