Social Loafing

Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accoutable.

As group size increases, individual effort decreases. 

Preventing Groupthink 

Be impartial--do not endorse any position

Assign a "devil's advocate" or group dissenter

Subdivide the group, then reunite to discuss

Welcome critiques from outside experts and associates

Call a "second chance" meeting to discuss any disagreements. 

Racism 

1) discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race

or

2) instituional practices that subordinate people of a given race (may or may not be based on prejudiced attitudes)

Authoritarian Personality 

tendency to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

very likely to elicit prejudice attitudes and sterotyping 

Instrumental vs. Hostile Aggression

I: aggression that is a means to some other end (child stealing a toy). 

H: aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (being mean for no good reason).

Displacement 

Redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration.

Generally a "safer" target.

Kicking the dog.