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| The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world. |
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| The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. |
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| The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true. |
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| Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently. |
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| A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind. |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case. |
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| Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population. |
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| When we are confident about an outcome even though the sample size is small. |
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| Make insufficient adjustments based off of a starting point. Example: Crime rate from previous year was at a record high, so the mayor decided to install a gun ban. The next year, the crime rate dropped and people associated it with the gun ban but did not recognize that the crime rate could not get much higher than the previous year anyway. |
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| The easier it is to imagine an outcome, the more it should have occurred. |
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| The easier it is to imagine an alternative outcome, the stronger the reaction (Example: A basketball player misses the winning shot with one second left in the game. People are more upset with him than they are with the other players who missed multiple shots earlier on in the game). If only... |
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| A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures. |
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| A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in Western cultures. |
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| Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful. |
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| Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. |
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| The attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget. |
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| The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments. |
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| The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people. |
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| The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; they include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze. |
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| To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back. |
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| To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness. |
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| A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion. |
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| Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display. |
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| Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign. |
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| Implicit Personality Theory |
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| A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well. |
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| A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior. |
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| The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality. Consensus & Distinctiveness of the situation are low while Consistency is high. |
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| The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation. Consensus, Distinctiveness, and Consistency are all high. |
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| A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors whether or not the behavior occurs. |
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| Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does. |
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| Distinctiveness Information |
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| Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to other stimuli. |
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| Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances. |
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| Circumstantial Attribution |
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| Correspondence Bias/Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their disposition (personality). |
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| The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention. |
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| Actor/Observer Difference |
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| The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior. |
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| Self-Serving Attributions |
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| Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors. |
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