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| A small area in a desert that is watered by springs or wells. |
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| Herders; they migrated in regular patterns. |
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| Families often joined together to form tribes. Each tribe was headed by a respected elder called a shaikh. |
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| Small objects to represent important people? |
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| A pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred site. |
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| The "lost" city of Ubar. Caravans brought the incense through the desert to Ubar, called frankincense. |
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| Ubar thrived from around 900 B.C. to A.D. 300. |
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| The ancient caravan routes (above, right) can be seen with a satellite radar photograph, but are invisible to those standing on top of them. |
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| Dates are still raised in groves like this one near the city of Al Ula in Saudi Arabia. |
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| Arabia was at the center of many early trade routes. Goods from Africa, Asia, and Europe crossed Arabia. If you had been a trader, what routes would you have wanted to travel and why? |
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| Peninsula's Empty Quarter is one of the driest deserts on Earth, the region consists of fertile ranges of mountains and coastal hills that run along the Red and Arabian seas. |
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| To the north, the sparse Syrian Desert separates the Peninsula from Palestine and the Mediterranean coast. At its western edges the region borders the Tigris-Euphrates river system. |
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| Journeys were planned from well to well, or oasis to oasis. Towns and cities grew around these sources of water. |
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| Looking for answers, archaeologists and historians gathered on the site of this ancient village in 1990 and began piecing together clues from the buried fortress and pottery samples that they unearthed. |
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| Sidenote, fact, invention |
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| The noria, or water wheel, was a Roman invention that spread throughout the Muslim world. The windmill first appeared in Persia around A.D. 300. |
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| Sidenote, fact, invention 2 |
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| in Algeria, Iran, parts of Oman, Afghanistan, Morocco, and Spain, irrigation was often fed by underground channels that were linked to natural aquifers, where underground water had become trapped. Some of these channels, called qanats, stretched more than 40 miles. Shafts spaced along the channel allowed air pressure to keep the water flowing. |
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| Water can be scarce in many regions of Arabia. The wadis, or dry riverbeds, will only fill with water after rainfall. However, they can fill so quickly and with so much water, that people have been caught by surprise and drowned. |
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| A respected elder in a tribe. |
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| Among the groups living in Arabia in A.D. 500 were Arabs called hanif who believed in one god. Jewish tribes had existed in Arabia for centuries, while Christian tribes had lived in the northern part of the peninsula. Both Jews and Christians earned their livelihoods as farmers, herders, and artisans. |
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| The nomadic families of Arabia belonged to a group of people who called themselves Arabs after the language they spoke. Some Arabs settled on oases where they lived as farmers. Others lived in villages and were traders or artisans. Farmers and herders supplied these village-dwellers with food and transport animals. |
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| Because water and grazing land were so scarce, feuds broke out occasionally between tribes. Larger tribes sometimes forced payment from smaller tribes to use the oases. For a price, these larger tribes would also protect traders' caravans from danger. |
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Question:
What is a shaikh? |
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Answer:
A respected elder that is the leader of a tribe. |
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Question:
What is a hanif? |
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| Groups or single Arabs living around A.D. 500 who believed in one God. |
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| The treasury building of Petra, like most of the city, is carved into a mountainside. This treasury is built in the Hellenistic style, a sign of the conquest of Alexander the Great. |
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| Caption, The Holy City of Mecca |
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| The city of Mecca was the location of the Ka'bah, which for centuries has held religious symbols. The city was also a prosperous trade center and an excellent source of fresh water. |
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| In the open-air marketplace, or suq, of Petra, wheat, olive oil, wine, hides, slaves, precious stones, and spices were abundantly available. |
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| Between A.D. 500 and 600, the Arabian peninsula was inhabited by three types of communities. They were made up of either city dwellers, people living in agricultural villages, or nomadic tribes. Although each group had a different way of life, they cooperated to make the society run smoothly. |
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| The towns were built along many trade routes that crossed the Arabian peninsula. |
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| In the northwest corner of the Arabian peninsula are the remains of Petra. A former trading city nestled at the foot of a high cliff, it is now known for its beauty. Attracted by Petra's ample supply of spring water, travelers began stopping at this center as early as 300 B.C. The city took its name from the Greek word for "rock" from which some of its earliest buildings were carved. |
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| A suq is an open air marketplace. |
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| Term, tribe, the Quraysh. |
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| The Quraysh, a local tribe, settled in Mecca sometime before A.D. 500. Their role as keepers of the Ka'bah gave them great prestige and helped them to make treaies with neighboring tribes. This ensured the safe passage of caravans during the months of pilgrimage and travel. |
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| Abraham had a son named Ishmael. According to Islamic teachings, Abraham and Ishmael built a cube-shaped shrine called the Ka'bah about 4,00 years ago. |
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| Ishmael had a father named Abraham. According to Islamic teachings, Abraham and Ishmael built a cube-shaped shrine called the Ka'bah about 4,00 years ago. |
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| The Qur'an is a collection of Muhammad's revelations. |
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| Collections of hadith, the deeds and words of Muhammad. |
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| Aisha was the wife of Muhammad, and the daughter of Abu Bakr. |
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| Mount Hira is the place Muhammad received his revelations. |
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| Archangel Gabriel, or Jibril. |
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| Archangel Gabriel, or Jibril, was the angel that came to Muhammad and delivered the words of God. |
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| Muhammad was born into the Quraysh tribe around A.D. 570. Orphaned at an early age, he found work in the caravan trade. At 25, he married a wealthy widow in the trading business. This wealth gave him the freedom to visit Mount Hira each year to think. |
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| Caption Muhammad and Islam |
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| Today pilgrims visit the Prophet's Cave on Mount Hira. |
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| Caption Muhammad and Islam 2 |
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| This monumental building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, was completed by the Muslims in 691. The rock is believed to be the place from which Muhammad ascended into heaven. |
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| Muhammad's followers believe that in another vision, the angel Gabriel took Muhammad to meet Abraham, Moses, and Jesus in Jerusalem. From Jerusalem, both Muhammad and Gabriel ascended into heaven, where Muhammad spoke to God. |
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| The city where Muhammad started the muslim community. |
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| The year 622 is the year 1 A.H., or After Hijrah. |
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| 630 is the year Muhammad marched into Mecca with an army of more than 10,000 men; Mecca surrendered without a battle. |
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| Muhammad note forgiveness |
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| One of the first things Muhammad did was to forgive all those who had opposed Muslims for so long. He also removed the idols from the Ka'bah. Thus the Ka'bah was again dedicated to the one God, as it had been in the time of Abraham. The area around the Ka'bah became the first mosque, or Muslim house of worship. |
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| The date of Muhammad's death. |
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| The year Muhammad started receiving revelations. |
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| Caption: The Teachings of Islam |
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| Called to prayer from the minaret, Muslims enter the doorway, and wash in the ablution fountain. They pray under the portico, while facing the mihrab prayer niche, and listen to an address from the pulpit. The mihrab and the pulpit are shown in the photograph at the left. |
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| Term: Mihrab (prayer niche) |
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| The mihrab prayer niche is where the Muslims face during prayer. |
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| Muslims pray under the portico. |
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| Muslims wash in the ablution fountain before prayer. |
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| The minaret is the place where it is announced to Muslims that it is time to pray. |
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| The Muslims listen to an address from the pulpit before praying. |
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| A compilation of the words and deeds of Muhammad. |
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| Caption: The Teachings of Islam 2 |
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| All Muslims in good health and with enough money must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime. |
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| Caption: The Teachings of Islam 3 |
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| Pilgrims circle the Ka'bah in the Great Mosque in Mecca. The heavy black covering that protects the shrine is replaced each year. The cloth covers a single doorway that leads into a room inside the Ka'bah. |
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| For the followers of Islam, the Qur'an completes the earlier revelations of Old Testament prophets and Jesus. The Qu'ran is the final revelation, just as Muhammad is the final prophet. |
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| Isaac is the son of Abraham. Abraham is thought to be the father of Jews through his son Isaac. |
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| Ishmael is the son of Abraham. Abraham is also considered to be the father of Arabs through his other son Ishmael. |
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| The Hews' and Christians' holy book, the Bible, is considered by Muslims to be based on God's revelations. But Muslims considered these other religions to be less correct. That is because the Qur'an teaches that eh Bible has suffered loss and change with time. |
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| Channels part of irrigation. |
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| The Sunna were the guiding rules for Islam and were based on the way the prophet Muhammad lived his own life. The most basic of these rules were the Five Pillars of Islam. |
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| The first of these pillars is the profession of faith. To express their acceptance of Islam, Muslims repeat the phrase, "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet." |
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| The second pillar is prayer. Muslims must pray five times a day. Prayers follow special rituals, including washing before praying, bowing, and then kneeling while praying. Muslims face the Ka'bah in Mecca when praying. Every Friday at noon, Muslims congregate in mosques for prayer and a sermon by the prayer leader. |
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| The third pillar is giving alms, or showing charity to the poor. Muslims must also contribute to public charities, such as the building of mosques and hospitals. |
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| The fourth pillar is the ritual fast during Ramadan, the ninth month of th Muslim year. Ramadan is a holy time because in this month Muhammad received his first message from Allah. During Ramadan, Muslims must not eat or drink from the break of dawn until the setting of the sun. Muslims hope that their fast, which teaches self=discipline, humility, and sympathy for the hungry, brings them closer to Allah. |
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| The fifth pillar of Islam is Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. All Muslims who can afford it must make the pilgrimage at least once. The pilgrimage involves elaborate rites that take place over many days. Before arriving at Mecca, the pilgrims bathe, cut their hair and nails, and take off jewelry. They then put on a white seamless garment, symbolizing a state of purity. because Muslims from all over the world make pilgrimage, Hajj is a symbol of Muslim unity. and equality. |
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| Caption: An Islamic Way of Life |
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| This street scene from Essaouira, Morocco, shows a variety of Muslim women's dress. The majority of Muslim women do not cover their faces. Some have abandoned traditional Islamic dress fro Western styles. Still others have returned to wearing modern forms of modest dress as an expression of Islamic values. |
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| The teachings of Muhammad lived on after his death. Here a muezzin, or Muslim crier, calls the hour of prayer from the minaret of a mosque in Sille, Turkey. |
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| A Muslim crier, calls from a minaret at the hour of prayer. |
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| To struggle, tod do one's best to resist temptation and overcome evil. Under certain conditions, the struggle to overcome evil may require action. |
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| Muslim women were given full rights. |
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| Islam, like other religions, does influence the everyday lives of believers, from birth to death. |
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| Prayer beads have 33 beads. |
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| One of Muhammad's advisers, he restored calm and faith in the hearts of Muslims after Muhammad died. |
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| Ali's followers, meaning "the party of Ali". |
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| Acceptance of the best caliph. |
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| Abu Bakr became the successor of Muhammad, he was Muhammad's father in law. |
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| Ali was a contender for caliph, and was also a blood relative. Ali was Muhammad's cousin, his son-in-law, and the father of his grandsons. |
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| Umar became the successor of Abu Bakr, and conquered much more land. |
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| Uthman became the successor to Umar, he was appointed by Umar's council. |
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| The date Uthman was murdered by a number of disgruntled people from the province of Egypt. |
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| A relative of Uthman, he developed a following in Syria, where he was governor. |
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| Muawiya challenged Ali by demanding that the murderers be punished immediately. He then challenged Ali's right to rule. This forced Ali to oppose him for the sake of unity. Before the two opposing camps came to battle, Ali agreed to negotiate, but talks failed to solve the conflict. Ali ruled for only five years before he was murdered by an angry former supporter. In 661, Muawiya became caliph. |
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| The date Muawiya became caliph. |
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