Term
What are scientific theories? (2) |
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Definition
-they explain and predict phenomon -produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses |
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Definition
Theory is a system of genralized statements or propositions about phenomena |
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What are sociological theories? |
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Definition
-generalized statements about same aspect of social life |
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Is theory necessarily abstract? T/F |
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Definition
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What do sociological theories hold together? |
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Definition
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What do sociological theories help us make sense of? |
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Definition
Social life by providing prexisting categories and assumptions |
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What is sociological theory often rooted in? |
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Definition
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Do sociological theories tend to be more evaluative and critical than scientific theories? T/F |
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Definition
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What is the subject matter of sociologists? |
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Definition
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What are social theories? |
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Definition
STORIES about how humans behave interact and organize themselves |
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What do social theories seek to explain? |
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Definition
How and why social processes operate and change over time |
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What do social theories help us with? |
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Definition
Predicting things about people over time |
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Term
What does social theory offer in terms of understanding contemporary social life? |
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Definition
Theories are explanations and sometimes models for understanding reality |
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Examples of theories as models? |
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Definition
Society works like a human body Society is a contest with winners and losers Society is like an information grid Society is a result of patterned human interaction |
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Term
Emile Durkheim is founder of Sociology? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
What does Marx view has the two main classes? |
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Definition
Workers (Proletariat) Owners of means of production (Bourgeoisie) |
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Term
What do "social relations of production" comprise? |
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Definition
Relations among individuals and/or groups of people (classes) |
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Term
Why is their social disruption and conflict between classes? |
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Definition
Different classes have different interests |
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Term
What determines the economic structure? |
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Definition
The relations of production |
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Term
What is the real foundation of society according to Marx? |
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Definition
The relations of production which determine the economic structure |
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Term
Marx believes that mens social existence determines their consciousness? T/F |
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Definition
T -It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness. |
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Term
How can we understand the history of a society? |
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Definition
By means of production and social relations that develop to support it |
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Term
Marx believes what makes us human is? |
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Definition
our productive capacity, not ideas and concepts |
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What contradiction according to Marx leads to social change? |
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Definition
Contradiction between the relations of production |
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Term
According to Marx, Conflict is the engine of social change? T/F |
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Definition
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What is the material dialectic centered around? |
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Definition
The contradictions in economic relations |
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What is the engine of progress? |
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Definition
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Term
How are any given time periods social and politcal relations most clearly revealed? |
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Definition
by uncovering the material conditions of production |
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Term
What must the history of humanity be studied in relation to? |
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Definition
The history of industry and exchange |
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Term
Materialistic connection of men with one another is determined by? |
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Definition
Their needs and mode of production rather then political or religious nonsense |
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Term
According to Marx, the first from of division of labor and private property lies? |
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Definition
Within the family where the wife and children are the slaves of the husband. This is the first property. |
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Term
The division of labor is? |
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Definition
Power of disposing of the labor power of others |
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Definition
Categories of people who represent shared interests based on relations of production, |
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Term
What does creaton of classes create? |
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Definition
It creates competition and contradictory class interests |
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Term
What is the class Bourgeoisie? |
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Definition
Owners of the means of production |
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Term
What is the class Proletariat? |
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Definition
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How does "The State" arise? |
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Definition
Out of contradictions between the mode of production |
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What is the need of The State? |
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Definition
It is needed to keep class antagonisms in check |
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Term
What is class consciousness? |
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Definition
Awareness of common relationship to the means of production "class for itself" |
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Term
What is false consciousness? |
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Definition
Misrecognition of dominant ideas |
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Term
What is Revolutionary consciousness? |
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Definition
The result of the playing out of the existing relations of production to the point they become dysfunctional and destructive |
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Is Proletariat the Revolutionary class? |
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Definition
T - Only recourse is to take control of the mode of production- universally, through revolution |
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Term
How can the Proletariat class become a Revolutionary class? |
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Definition
when proletariat becomes a class for itself and realizes “real” interests and develops revolutionary consciousness |
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Term
According to Marx what does Communism accomplish |
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Definition
The end of history, The end of private property, End of antagonistic class relations |
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Term
False consiouscness is based on? |
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Definition
Anything other than free and creative productivity |
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Term
Ideologies and false consciousness blind individuals to? |
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Definition
The true nature of inequality in class structure |
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Term
According to Marx, the worker becomes more poorer? |
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Definition
The more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and range |
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Term
According to Marx, the worker becomes a even cheaper commodity when? |
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Definition
The more commodities he creates |
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Term
According to Marx, to be fully human is to? |
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Definition
engage the material world and nature |
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Term
When humans lose control of their labor they become? |
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Definition
Alienated from their nature or species being |
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Term
The division of labor increases? |
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Definition
Mans Alienation from his true nature |
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Term
According to Marx, Captilism creates what in our social relations and our nature? |
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Definition
Alienation and Exploitation |
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Term
Our creative labor process becomes commodified and? |
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Definition
Is an object to be bought and sold on the market |
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Term
What is Alienation, according to Marx? |
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Definition
Work does not provide idendity and meaning but is only engaged out of necessity to supply basic human needs. |
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Definition
From being cut off from the process of labor, from the products created, and from other people |
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Term
Four Aspects of Alienation? |
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Definition
Workers are alienated from -products of their labor -process of work -creative activity that forms human consciousness -Alienated labor separates workers from others in society |
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Definition
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Monetary exchange objectifies? |
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Definition
the creative processes of production and alienates man from his true nature |
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Term
Marx believes Money transforms? |
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Definition
human desires, abilities, into things to be bought and sold. It masks and transforms real human relations into something false |
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Term
What is histrorical Materialism? |
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Definition
studying history through the means of production |
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Term
Nature of individuals depends on |
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Definition
The Material conditions determing their production |
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Term
According to Marx, division of labor leads to? |
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Definition
persons being separated from the community, and man’s labor becomes an alien force rather than an expression of his humanity. |
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Term
The history of all hitherto existing society is |
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Definition
The history of class struggles |
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Term
The Bourgeoisie has simplified class relations by |
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Definition
New struggles in the place of old ones |
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Term
According to Marx, the bourgeiousie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and reduced it to? |
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Definition
The family relation to mere money relation |
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Term
As capitalism spreads so does the ideology of capitalism, the ideas of? |
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Definition
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Term
The Bourgeiosie has forged the weapons that bring death to itself and has also called into existence the men who are to use those weapons, which are? |
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Definition
The modern working class, the proletariat |
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Term
The more the working class sinks deeper into poverty, the bourgeiouse is unfit to? |
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Definition
Impose the conditions of capitalistic relations on the rest of society. |
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Term
What creates the conditions that unites the proletariat class as a revolutionary class? |
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Definition
The bourgeoise and relations of capitalist production |
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Term
What is a communist interest? |
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Definition
Abolition of private property |
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Term
Communism deprives no man of power make products of society but it deprives him the power to? |
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Definition
To Subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriation |
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Term
Sociology entails the systematic and methodolgical examination of> |
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Definition
Social facts and their influence on individuals |
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Term
Durkheim saw sociology as the science that could? |
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Definition
Uncover social facts to explain social forces and address social change in society |
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Term
Social facts must be studied as? |
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Definition
Things that is as realities external to the invidual |
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Term
Durkheim argues that society is not a result of individual conduct but? |
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Definition
rather exists prior to individual conduct and shapes individual action |
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Term
Durkheims collective conscience is? |
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Definition
the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens in the same society. It has a determinate system with a life of its own |
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Social Intergration is rooted in |
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Definition
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A shared moral code along with feelings of solidarity generates and forms? |
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Definition
the basis of all societies |
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Term
Durkheim argues there is two basic types of solidarity |
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Definition
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity |
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Term
Mechanical solidarity is? |
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Definition
Typified feelings of likeness. It is rooted in everyonen doing/feeling the same thing. Typically a characteristic of small traditional societies. Small towns and what not |
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Term
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Definition
Solidarity in which each person is interdependent with others. Characteristic of Modern Societies |
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Term
Mechanica solidarity cant operate independently if? |
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Definition
The harmony and cohesion of the whole are to be maintained |
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Term
Organic solidaritys harmony and cohesion is produced by |
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Definition
the interdependent operation of the parts |
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Term
Aspects of Mechanical solidarity? |
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Definition
Similarites between each other, live through rules, very little individuality, collective conscience |
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Term
Aspects of Organic solidarity? |
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Definition
Differences between each other, live through princples, very much individuality, differintiated system |
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Term
As society becomes industrialized and differiented what increases? |
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Definition
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Term
The emergence of the individual is a result of? |
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Definition
The weakening of the collective conscience |
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Term
There are two consciences in each of us |
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Definition
1. is common to our group/society which is not ourself, but our society living and acting within us 2. the other which is personal and distinct, that which makes us an individual |
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Term
According to Durkheim the division of labor and specialization create |
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Definition
The emergence of individualism personality and creativity |
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Term
According to Durkheim, the division of labor presents the character by which we have? |
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Definition
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Term
Defined Morality more and more tends to become |
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Definition
The essential condition of social solidarity |
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Definition
Normal or a natural result from increasing individualism in modern societies |
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Term
There is a relation between the power of society controlling individuals with unequal force and |
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Definition
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Term
Typology of suicide - Egoistic |
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Definition
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Typology of suicide - Altruistic |
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Definition
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Typology of suicide - Anomic |
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Definition
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Typology of suicide - Fatalistic |
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Definition
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Term
Typology of suicide is related to |
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Definition
social change and the moral health of a society |
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Term
Whenever the individual disassociates himself from his collective goals in order to seek his own interest |
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Definition
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Term
Economic crises in industrial society are? |
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Definition
disturbances of the collective order |
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Term
Durkheim argues suicide rates are highest at times when? |
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Definition
inviduals lack social or moral regulation or integration |
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Term
significant increase in suicide rates in a particular group indicates that? |
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Definition
social cohesion of a group has weakened |
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Term
Durkheim explains society as a? |
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Definition
System - each part working together |
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Term
A well function social system is |
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Definition
geared toward maintaing a state of equilibrium |
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Term
Every disturbance of equilibrium threatens |
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Definition
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Term
It is not human nature for indivudals to know? |
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Definition
when they should stop striving for more - either emotional or material |
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Term
In a well function society indviduals are restrained by? |
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Definition
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Term
Durkheim argues that total complacency with ones place in life and striving for more are? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the only moral power superior to the individual, the authority of which he accepts? |
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Definition
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Freedom is not sufficient to? |
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Definition
Maintain a stable society |
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Regulating force is necessary to maintain? |
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Definition
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Term
When there is a disruption or crisis in society |
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Definition
it is temporarily unable to exercise moral regulation |
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Term
Because industrialization creates conditions of increased individualism suicide is a? |
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Definition
social fact, characteristic of modern societies |
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Term
A rise in suicide rates indicates a |
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Definition
crisis of some sort in society |
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Term
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Definition
1. subject matter of sociology and not reducible to other oscial phenomena like religion and economy 2. facts reside in the society that produces them, not the individuals 3. must be objective and studied from the outside |
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Term
The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among the? |
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Definition
social facts preceding it and no among the states of the individal consciousness |
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Term
how do we reconginze a social fact? |
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Definition
external to individual objective/measurable constrains and influences individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Crime is inevitable or normal in all societies because |
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Definition
crime defines the moral boundaries of a society |
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Term
Crime is normal because a society exempt from it is |
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Definition
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Definition
An act that offends certain strong collective sentiments |
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Definition
because it is apart of the fundamental conditions of social life, and because of that fact it is useful because it is indispensable to the normal evolution of morality and law |
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Term
Crime is functional for society because? |
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Definition
Where crime exists collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form and crim sometiems helps to determine the form they will take. |
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Term
Crime plays what role in social life? |
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Definition
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Term
Crime is useful for society because? |
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Definition
it is necessary to reinforce collective sentiments in a public conscience |
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Term
Repressive law and punishment characterizes traditional society making it? |
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Definition
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Term
Resitutive law is characteristic of increased individalism and speicalization making it? |
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Definition
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Term
Religion is not only a system of beliefs but |
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Definition
an ordered practice organized by society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Religion is a necessary institution to express |
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Definition
a societies beliefs and ideoligies |
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Term
Religion is one of the main forces that makes up the |
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Definition
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Term
Durkheim was interest in what of religion |
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Definition
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Term
Religions seperate things into |
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Definition
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Definition
something that stands up for something else |
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Definition
a highly routinized act such as prayer and songs |
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Definition
outward symbol and visible form with sacred attribution |
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Term
social life in all aspects in every period of history is made possible only by? |
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Definition
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the idea of society is the soul of |
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Definition
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religion has given birth to all that is |
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Definition
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