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Social Theory Midterm
Midterm
139
Sociology
Undergraduate 4
10/26/2015

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Term
What are scientific theories? (2)
Definition
-they explain and predict phenomon
-produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses
Term
What is theory?
Definition
Theory is a system of genralized statements or propositions about phenomena
Term
What are sociological theories?
Definition
-generalized statements about same aspect of social life
Term
Is theory necessarily abstract? T/F
Definition
T
Term
What do sociological theories hold together?
Definition
Observations and Facts
Term
What do sociological theories help us make sense of?
Definition
Social life by providing prexisting categories and assumptions
Term
What is sociological theory often rooted in?
Definition
Moral assumptions
Term
Do sociological theories tend to be more evaluative and critical than scientific theories? T/F
Definition
T
Term
What is the subject matter of sociologists?
Definition
human behavior
Term
What are social theories?
Definition
STORIES about how humans behave interact and organize themselves
Term
What do social theories seek to explain?
Definition
How and why social processes operate and change over time
Term
What do social theories help us with?
Definition
Predicting things about people over time
Term
What does social theory offer in terms of understanding contemporary social life?
Definition
Theories are explanations and sometimes models for understanding reality
Term
Examples of theories as models?
Definition
Society works like a human body
Society is a contest with winners and losers
Society is like an information grid
Society is a result of patterned human interaction
Term
Emile Durkheim is founder of Sociology? T/F
Definition
T
Term
What does Marx view has the two main classes?
Definition
Workers (Proletariat)
Owners of means of production (Bourgeoisie)
Term
What do "social relations of production" comprise?
Definition
Relations among individuals and/or groups of people (classes)
Term
Why is their social disruption and conflict between classes?
Definition
Different classes have different interests
Term
What determines the economic structure?
Definition
The relations of production
Term
What is the real foundation of society according to Marx?
Definition
The relations of production which determine the economic structure
Term
Marx believes that mens social existence determines their consciousness? T/F
Definition
T -It is not the consciousness of men that
determines their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness.
Term
How can we understand the history of a society?
Definition
By means of production and social relations that develop to support it
Term
Marx believes what makes us human is?
Definition
our productive capacity, not ideas and concepts
Term
What contradiction according to Marx leads to social change?
Definition
Contradiction between the relations of production
Term
According to Marx, Conflict is the engine of social change? T/F
Definition
T
Term
What is the material dialectic centered around?
Definition
The contradictions in economic relations
Term
What is the engine of progress?
Definition
Class Conflict
Term
How are any given time periods social and politcal relations most clearly revealed?
Definition
by uncovering the material conditions of production
Term
What must the history of humanity be studied in relation to?
Definition
The history of industry and exchange
Term
Materialistic connection of men with one another is determined by?
Definition
Their needs and mode of production rather then political or religious nonsense
Term
According to Marx, the first from of division of labor and private property lies?
Definition
Within the family where the wife and children are the slaves of the husband. This is the first property.
Term
The division of labor is?
Definition
Power of disposing of the labor power of others
Term
What is class?
Definition
Categories of people who represent shared interests based on relations of production,
Term
What does creaton of classes create?
Definition
It creates competition and contradictory class interests
Term
What is the class Bourgeoisie?
Definition
Owners of the means of production
Term
What is the class Proletariat?
Definition
Workers
Term
How does "The State" arise?
Definition
Out of contradictions between the mode of production
Term
What is the need of The State?
Definition
It is needed to keep class antagonisms in check
Term
What is class consciousness?
Definition
Awareness of common relationship to the means of production "class for itself"
Term
What is false consciousness?
Definition
Misrecognition of dominant ideas
Term
What is Revolutionary consciousness?
Definition
The result of the playing out of the existing relations of production to the point they become dysfunctional and destructive
Term
Is Proletariat the Revolutionary class?
Definition
T - Only recourse is to take
control of the mode of production- universally, through revolution
Term
How can the Proletariat class become a Revolutionary class?
Definition
when proletariat
becomes a class for itself and realizes “real” interests and develops revolutionary consciousness
Term
According to Marx what does Communism accomplish
Definition
The end of history, The end of private property, End of antagonistic class relations
Term
False consiouscness is based on?
Definition
Anything other than free and creative productivity
Term
Ideologies and false consciousness blind individuals to?
Definition
The true nature of inequality in class structure
Term
According to Marx, the worker becomes more poorer?
Definition
The more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and range
Term
According to Marx, the worker becomes a even cheaper commodity when?
Definition
The more commodities he creates
Term
According to Marx, to be fully human is to?
Definition
engage the material world and nature
Term
When humans lose control of their labor they become?
Definition
Alienated from their nature or species being
Term
The division of labor increases?
Definition
Mans Alienation from his true nature
Term
According to Marx, Captilism creates what in our social relations and our nature?
Definition
Alienation and Exploitation
Term
Our creative labor process becomes commodified and?
Definition
Is an object to be bought and sold on the market
Term
What is Alienation, according to Marx?
Definition
Work does not provide idendity and meaning but is only engaged out of necessity to supply basic human needs.
Term
What creates Alienation?
Definition
From being cut off from the process of labor, from the products created, and from other people
Term
Four Aspects of Alienation?
Definition
Workers are alienated from
-products of their labor
-process of work
-creative activity that forms human consciousness
-Alienated labor separates workers from others in society
Term
Labor power becomes
Definition
A commodity
Term
Monetary exchange objectifies?
Definition
the creative processes of production and alienates man from his true nature
Term
Marx believes Money transforms?
Definition
human desires, abilities, into things to be bought and sold. It masks and transforms real human relations into something false
Term
What is histrorical Materialism?
Definition
studying history through the means of production
Term
Nature of individuals depends on
Definition
The Material conditions determing their production
Term
According to Marx, division of labor leads to?
Definition
persons being separated from the community, and man’s labor becomes an alien force rather than an expression of his humanity.
Term
The history of all hitherto existing society is
Definition
The history of class struggles
Term
The Bourgeoisie has simplified class relations by
Definition
New struggles in the place of old ones
Term
According to Marx, the bourgeiousie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and reduced it to?
Definition
The family relation to mere money relation
Term
As capitalism spreads so does the ideology of capitalism, the ideas of?
Definition
The ruling class
Term
The Bourgeiosie has forged the weapons that bring death to itself and has also called into existence the men who are to use those weapons, which are?
Definition
The modern working class, the proletariat
Term
The more the working class sinks deeper into poverty, the bourgeiouse is unfit to?
Definition
Impose the conditions of capitalistic relations on the rest of society.
Term
What creates the conditions that unites the proletariat class as a revolutionary class?
Definition
The bourgeoise and relations of capitalist production
Term
What is a communist interest?
Definition
Abolition of private property
Term
Communism deprives no man of power make products of society but it deprives him the power to?
Definition
To Subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriation
Term
Sociology entails the systematic and methodolgical examination of>
Definition
Social facts and their influence on individuals
Term
Durkheim saw sociology as the science that could?
Definition
Uncover social facts to explain social forces and address social change in society
Term
Social facts must be studied as?
Definition
Things that is as realities external to the invidual
Term
Durkheim argues that society is not a result of individual conduct but?
Definition
rather exists prior to individual conduct and shapes individual action
Term
Durkheims collective conscience is?
Definition
the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens in the same society. It has a determinate system with a life of its own
Term
Social Intergration is rooted in
Definition
A shared moral code
Term
A shared moral code along with feelings of solidarity generates and forms?
Definition
the basis of all societies
Term
Durkheim argues there is two basic types of solidarity
Definition
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Term
Mechanical solidarity is?
Definition
Typified feelings of likeness. It is rooted in everyonen doing/feeling the same thing. Typically a characteristic of small traditional societies. Small towns and what not
Term
Organic Solidarity is?
Definition
Solidarity in which each person is interdependent with others. Characteristic of Modern Societies
Term
Mechanica solidarity cant operate independently if?
Definition
The harmony and cohesion of the whole are to be maintained
Term
Organic solidaritys harmony and cohesion is produced by
Definition
the interdependent operation of the parts
Term
Aspects of Mechanical solidarity?
Definition
Similarites between each other, live through rules, very little individuality, collective conscience
Term
Aspects of Organic solidarity?
Definition
Differences between each other, live through princples, very much individuality, differintiated system
Term
As society becomes industrialized and differiented what increases?
Definition
Individualism
Term
The emergence of the individual is a result of?
Definition
The weakening of the collective conscience
Term
There are two consciences in each of us
Definition
1. is common to our group/society which is not ourself, but our society living and acting within us
2. the other which is personal and distinct, that which makes us an individual
Term
According to Durkheim the division of labor and specialization create
Definition
The emergence of individualism personality and creativity
Term
According to Durkheim, the division of labor presents the character by which we have?
Definition
Defined Morality
Term
Defined Morality more and more tends to become
Definition
The essential condition of social solidarity
Term
Suicide is?
Definition
Normal or a natural result from increasing individualism in modern societies
Term
There is a relation between the power of society controlling individuals with unequal force and
Definition
social suicide rate
Term
Typology of suicide - Egoistic
Definition
too little integration
Term
Typology of suicide - Altruistic
Definition
too much integration
Term
Typology of suicide - Anomic
Definition
too little regulation
Term
Typology of suicide - Fatalistic
Definition
too much regulation
Term
Typology of suicide is related to
Definition
social change and the moral health of a society
Term
Whenever the individual disassociates himself from his collective goals in order to seek his own interest
Definition
suicide increases
Term
Economic crises in industrial society are?
Definition
disturbances of the collective order
Term
Durkheim argues suicide rates are highest at times when?
Definition
inviduals lack social or moral regulation or integration
Term
significant increase in suicide rates in a particular group indicates that?
Definition
social cohesion of a group has weakened
Term
Durkheim explains society as a?
Definition
System - each part working together
Term
A well function social system is
Definition
geared toward maintaing a state of equilibrium
Term
Every disturbance of equilibrium threatens
Definition
social order
Term
It is not human nature for indivudals to know?
Definition
when they should stop striving for more - either emotional or material
Term
In a well function society indviduals are restrained by?
Definition
external forces
Term
Durkheim argues that total complacency with ones place in life and striving for more are?
Definition
Equally destructive
Term
What is the only moral power superior to the individual, the authority of which he accepts?
Definition
Society alone
Term
Freedom is not sufficient to?
Definition
Maintain a stable society
Term
Regulating force is necessary to maintain?
Definition
Order
Term
When there is a disruption or crisis in society
Definition
it is temporarily unable to exercise moral regulation
Term
Because industrialization creates conditions of increased individualism suicide is a?
Definition
social fact, characteristic of modern societies
Term
A rise in suicide rates indicates a
Definition
crisis of some sort in society
Term
Social facts are? (3)
Definition
1. subject matter of sociology and not reducible to other oscial phenomena like religion and economy
2. facts reside in the society that produces them, not the individuals
3. must be objective and studied from the outside
Term
The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among the?
Definition
social facts preceding it and no among the states of the individal consciousness
Term
how do we reconginze a social fact?
Definition
external to individual
objective/measurable
constrains and influences individuals
Term
Society exerts a?
Definition
Moral Force
Term
Crime is inevitable or normal in all societies because
Definition
crime defines the moral boundaries of a society
Term
Crime is normal because a society exempt from it is
Definition
Impossible
Term
What is crime?
Definition
An act that offends certain strong collective sentiments
Term
Why is crime necessary?
Definition
because it is apart of the fundamental conditions of social life, and because of that fact it is useful because it is indispensable to the normal evolution of morality and law
Term
Crime is functional for society because?
Definition
Where crime exists collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form and crim sometiems helps to determine the form they will take.
Term
Crime plays what role in social life?
Definition
Definite role
Term
Crime is useful for society because?
Definition
it is necessary to reinforce collective sentiments in a public conscience
Term
Repressive law and punishment characterizes traditional society making it?
Definition
Mechanical solidarity
Term
Resitutive law is characteristic of increased individalism and speicalization making it?
Definition
Organic solidarity
Term
Religion is not only a system of beliefs but
Definition
an ordered practice organized by society
Term
religion is a
Definition
social system
Term
Religion is a necessary institution to express
Definition
a societies beliefs and ideoligies
Term
Religion is one of the main forces that makes up the
Definition
collective conscious
Term
Durkheim was interest in what of religion
Definition
the social function
Term
Religions seperate things into
Definition
sacred and profane
Term
a symbol is
Definition
something that stands up for something else
Term
a ritual is
Definition
a highly routinized act such as prayer and songs
Term
a totem is
Definition
outward symbol and visible form with sacred attribution
Term
social life in all aspects in every period of history is made possible only by?
Definition
symbolism
Term
the idea of society is the soul of
Definition
religion
Term
religion has given birth to all that is
Definition
essential in society
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