• an even balance of military forces
• The strong nations of Europe attempted to remain equal in military strength and in their alliances- in the hopes that this would stop war from starting

•  alliance of Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy
• prior to WWI.

• The alliance of France, Russia, and Great Britain
•  prior to WWI.
• entente means agreement

• Civilian -privately owned-  ships and sailors.
• In wartime, they transport food, weapons, and munitions, troops
• in wartime they can be conscripted - forced service

• The crown Prince of Austria-Hungary
• assasinated on June 28, 1914 by "the Black Hand"
• while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia in Europe
• his assasination brought on WWI.

• A Serbian nationalist group
•  they assasinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• A German general's bold strategy for a            two-front war.
• Germany would invade and capture France first then focus its attention on Russia.

• a war fought in two directions or border areas at the same time
• ie. Germany against France on their Eastern border and against Russia on their Western border

• submarines used by German navy
• groups called "Wolf Packs"
•  travelled mainly under water without being detected
•  highly successful at disrupting British & Allied shipping

• Bigger, faster more mobile guns
• developed during WWI
• used in the fronts of battle fields
• could arch explosive shells almost 25km upward and hit targets up to 120km away.
• sometimes called Field Artillery

• on the battlefileds of France and Belguim
• each side repeatedly attacked the other until one was completely exhausted and unable to continue
• hundreds of thousands of soldiers on all sides were slaughtered.

• Flanders Fields, France
• 6000 Canadians were killed, wounded or captured
• April 22, 1915 and again 2 days later
• German chlorine gas shells -French & Canadian troops destroyed lungs
• not enough gas masks or defective

• July 1916, Somme River, France
• waves of French, British, Canadian troops killed by German machine guns/ alllies forced by own officers to march across open fields
• Allies were "victorious" = won territory
• over 1 million were killed - 24000 Canadians.

• strategic high ground, northern France- observation for long distance cannons 
• Germans took control in 1914
• late 1916 Canadian troops lead new assault
• meticulous planning & training= allied victory
• important Canadian milestone- lead, planned for own troops, not under British command

• 1917 battle in area in Belgium
• held little strategic value
• General Haig determined to retake from Germans
• Canadian General Aurthur Currie called to retake it
•  successful territory gain
• cost over 15000 Canadian lives
• nearly half a million soldiers from both sides died

• Airforce pilots label
• when they could prove that they had shot down 5 or more enemy aircrafts.

• Spectacular arial fights
• pilots used elaborate spins and rolls to shake off attacking planes, and attack the enemy craft with machine gun fire

• WWI Canadian "Ace" fighter pilot
• From Owen Sound, Ontario
• he started out as a cavalry officer
• 1916 transferred to the Royal Flying Corps
•  became Canada's top Ace with 72 "kills" 
•  first Canadian Pilot to be awarded Britian's  Victoria Cross Military Medal

• A prestigious British medal (award)
•  awarded for military bravery.

• WWI German Flying Ace - fighter pilot
• Baron (a nobleman) Manfred von Richthofen

• huge British passenger ship 
• sunk by a German submarine in April, 1917,         in Atlantic Ocean
• close to 1200 passengers, including many Canadians and Americans died during attack or as the boat sank

• sense of belonging to a nation , and pride in the character of one's nation
• Canada gained more National Identity during the WWI and WWII periods

• Information usually produced by the governments
• presented in such a way as to inspire and spread particular beliefs or opinions.
• used by all sides during war
• can help national pride OR be used to spread disinformation - weapon of psycological warfare

War Measures Act

(Canada)

• Act of the Canadian Parliament
• that gave the Federal Cabinet emergency powers used especially during wartime
• included the right to suspend habeas corpus
• still a law in Canada which was last used during FLQ drisis of 1970's

• The protection that citizens who live in a democracy have to guard against unlawful detention.
• A person who is being detained must be: brought into court within 24 hours of arrest where a judge will decide whether detention is lawful
•  It was suspened (stopped temporarily) when the War Measures act was invoked(called by Parliament to be an active law)

• Government run prison camps (not for criminals)
• people who are considered a threat are detained.
• ie. in Germany:  the Nazi Concentration camps
• ie. in Canada and USA the camps Japanese citizens were sent to

• Complusory (no choice) service in the armed forces
• became temporary law in Canada during WWII

• A person who refuses military service on the grounds of religious or moral opposition to the war.
• sometimes illegal and can result in jail sentence

• People who advocate that women should have the right to vote.
• suffragette = a women who was part of this movement - including other women's rights

An agreement by warring parties to end hostilities.

(lay down weapons = peace)

• Treaty that ended WWI
• agreed by Allied forces/governments
• forced on Germany and France
• signed in Versailles, France

• created Shell Commitee oversaw manufacturing of military explosive shells during WWI 
• By 1917, Canada was supplying about one third of the shells used by the British Forces.
• he was apoor administrator who awarded large government contracts to friends, only interested in making money
• dismissed from his post in 1916
• but not before being Knighted by King George V.

• Canadian made rifle
•  hated by Canadian soldiers
• it would jam in rapid fire mode

• French Canadian Leader of the Liberal Party
• joined English Canadians - pledged support for Britain 
• against conscription
• caused the Liberals to lose much support in the election outside of Quebec.

• WW I Prime Minister of Canada
• leader when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Borden introduced the War Measures Act, Income Tax, and Victory Bonds.

• A Canadian law introduced during WW I
• measure that was supposed to be temporary
• "well off" Canadians had to pay 3% of their income and a 4% tax was levied on business profits.

• way for a federal government to have extra money available during hard war times (war is expensive)
• people would buy bonds that they could cash in when the war was over - including a bonus $
• introduced in all Allied countries

• unreasonable profit selling goods or services during wartime
• individuals/businesses that made unreasonably high profits selling goods during war
• usually on most needed goods or scarce items
• sometimes poor quality goods/services for high prices
• laws were passed against profiteering

•  Canadian Federal Government bill
•  would make military service enlistment compulsory
• all Allied and Axis countries had similar laws

• Quebec nationalist politician
• one of the most outspoken critics of conscription
• felt conscription and sending more troops to war would bankrupt the country 
• also cause a strain on Canada's agricultural and industrial production
• would eventually threaten Canada's political independance and stability

• Russian revolutionaries (early Communists)
• overthrew the provisional Russian government 
• Russian Revolution of October, 1917
• signed a mutual non-invasion treaty with Germany

• The final months of WW I
• Canadian troops were the most successful of all the Allied military forces.

• 1919 Allies an Axis conference at end of WW I
• Allies and new leadership of Germany- not Nazis
• met to discuss the terms of a peace treaty agreement The Treaty of Versailles was signed here.

• an area under control of a foreign government, not self - government
• ie. Canada, USA and Australia were all colonies of Britian before becoming independant nations

• process of social and economic change
• area or nation is transformed from a pre-industrial or Agrarian (agriculture based)society into an industrial one (manufacturing based society)

• competition for military supremacy (real or perceived)
• Each side competes to produce more lethal and larger numbers of weapons, ships, etc.

• a formal agreement or treaty
• between nations to cooperate for specific purposes

"Blank Cheque"

re. war

• an open agreement, no limit
• ie. when Germany offered unconditional support to Austria despite the pact it may have had with Russia

• When soldiers went over the top of the trench into "no mans land" ( territory between two enemy lines).
• They were in the open, vulnerable to enemy fire with nowhere to hide.

Total War

or "All Out War"

• a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war.
• Once the war began, the countries involved mobilized their entire populations and economic resources to achieve victory on the battlefield

• psychiatric illness due to extreme emotional shock - due to excessive fear during combat
• term used during the First World War to describe the psychological trauma suffered by men serving on the war's key battlefronts
• many soldiers were temporarily or parmanently damaged this way - some could not function normally at all

• a group of vehicles moving together for mutual protection and support
• civilian ships were moved together in convoys under the protection of escorting war ships 
• offered some protection against U Boats
• also used to lure and destroy the U Boats

• military supplies used in war
• especially weapons and ammunition.

• fixed, limited allowance of provisions or food
•  ie. for soldiers or sailors or for civilians during a food or ammunition shortage

• Canadian Forces Base Valcartier
• located 25 km west of Quebec City
• originally erected as military camp - WW I: 1914 
• for mobilization of a Canadian Expeditionary Force the  Due to proximity to port of Quebec it became the largest military camp on Canadian soil, including some 32,000 men and 8,000 horses.

• world's largest non-nuclear man-made explosion
• Belgian relief vessel and French munitions (ammunition) carrier collided
• Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia Canada during WW I
• more than 1900 people killed, 9000 injured
• 1/2 of port and town buildings destroyed

• any foreign person whom the government regards as dangerous to the public peace or safety
• or anyone the government believes is plotting against the country
• more severe penalties are used durigntimes of war

• government control of media content
• also the government did not allow any personal talk or support of ideas that could be considered subversive, have the possibility of undermining the war effort or giving information to spies.

• payment by guilty party for damage caused
• the cash payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919) following its defeat during World War I.

• free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion
• National Self Determination: the freedom of the people of a given territory to determine their own political status

• It forced Germany to say that they alone caused World War 1 - and that it was therefore right and proper that they had to pay reparations.
• The war guilt clause was the justification for reparations. It was also widely taken to mean that Germany was a 'rogue state'.
• a major cause of WW II
  

• first Canadian-appointed commander in WW I
• participated in all major actions of Canadian Forces
• did planning and direction of assault- Vimy Ridge.
• strong leadership during last 100 Days of WW I
• successful advocate for keeping Canadians together as a unified fighting force under Canadian Command