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| the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies |
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| requires us to think ourselves away from our daily routines to look at the anew |
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| refers to the fact that in our lives, social contexts are not random events but have distinct patterns |
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| The aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of the economy or the influence of religion |
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| a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life. |
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| a large organization that is divided into jobs based on specific functions and staffed by officials ranked according to a hierarchy. |
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| the study of language in analyzing the social world. Languages allow us to become self-conscious beings that are aware of our own individuality. The key element in this process is called symbol. (an example of this is the word tree. Once we learn what the word means we can think of a tree without actually seeing one) |
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| To study the function of a social activity is to analyze its contribution to the continuation of the society as a whole. A good analogy to this is the human body. To understand one part of the body we need to see how that one part relates to others in the body. |
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| consequences of that activity of which participants are unaware. |
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| The variable affected by the independent variable |
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| involves firsthand studies of people, using participant observation or interviewing. |
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| – An attempt to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by an investigator. |
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| What do you intend to test? What is the relationship among the variables? Basically the question or the answer that needs to be tested by experimental analysis |
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| one that produces an effect on another variable. |
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| the application of the principles of statistics to arrive at valid conclusions |
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| the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials |
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| – In which every member of the sample population has the same probability of being included. The most sophisticated way of obtaining a random sample is to give each member of the population a number and then use a computer to generate a random list from which the sample is derived. |
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| - a control variable is a one that must not be changed throughout an experiment because it affects the dependent variables and thus affects the outcome of the experiment |
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| In which questionnaires are sent or administered directly to a selected group of people. |
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| the practice of judging a society by its own standards |
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| When common features of human behavior are found in virtually all societies |
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| consists of the values the members of a group hold, the languages they speak, the symbols they revere, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create. |
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| The dominant culture in a society refers to the established language, religion, behavior, values, rituals, and social customs. These traits are often the norm for the society as a whole. The dominant culture is usually but not always in the majority and achieves its dominance by controlling social institutions such as communication, educational institutions, artistic expression, law, political process, and business |
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| the judging of other cultures in terms of the standards of one’s own |
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| McDonaldization of society |
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| McDonaldization is a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1993). He explains it occurs when a culture possesses the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. McDonaldization is a reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. (Efficiency, Calculability, Standardization, and Control) |
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| Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation. In some societies and in some organization, such rules may be strictly followed; in others, they may be little more than an empty formalism. |
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| Small societies tend to be culturally uniform, but industrialized societies involving numerous subcultures are themselves culturally diverse or multicultural. |
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| - is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day. |
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| Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that differs markedly from their own. |
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the process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of his or her culture
Anticipatory Socialization - In contrast to more formal training, anticipatorysocialization involves the informal adoption of norms or behaviour appropriate to a status not yet achieved by the individuals concerned, so providing them with experience of a role they have yet to assume. For example, children may anticipate parenthood by observing their parents as role models, and the careerist may anticipate promotion by emulating the occupational behaviour of his or her superiors. |
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| people are sensitive to how they are seen by others and use many forms of impression management to compel others to react to them in the ways they wish. |
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| stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping themselves based on other people's perception, which leads the people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's opinion on themselves. It also leads to expectancy effect. |
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| A total institution is place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life. |
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| are usually small groups characterized by face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong sense of commitment. |
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| a group that provides a standard for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors. |
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| draws on elements of Marxist thought to argue that deviance is deliberate and often political. Conflict theorists deny that deviance is determined by factors such as biology, personality, anomie, social disorganization, and labels. Rather, they argue, individuals choose to engage in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system. |
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| crime constitutes any type of behavior that breaks a law |
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| may be defined as nonconformity to as et of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society. |
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| refers to crime by affluent people. |
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| Medicalization of deviance |
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| refers to the. . .attachment of medical labels to behaviour regarded as socially or morally undesirable. The implication is that modern medicine can cure all problems (including vandalism, alcoholism, homosexuality, dangerous driving, or political deviance) once these are recognized as 'diseases'." |
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| the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned.[1] These rigid social designators remain fixed throughout an individual's life and are inseparable from the positive or negative stereotypes that are linked with one's ascribed statuses. |
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| a sociological term denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen. It is the opposite of ascribed status. It reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. Examples of achieved status are being an Olympic athlete, being a criminal, or being a college professor. |
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| The social construction of reality |
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| The central concept of The Social Construction of Reality is that persons and groups interacting together in a social system form, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other. When these roles are made available to other members of society to enter into and play out, the reciprocal interactions are said to be institutionalised. In the process of this institutionalisation, meaning is embedded in society. Knowledge and people's conception (and belief) of what reality is becomes embedded in the institutional fabric of society. Social reality is therefore said to be socially constructed. |
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| a conflict among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses |
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| loosely synonymous with "understanding" or "interpretation"[1]. In the social sciences it refers to an interpretive or participatory examination of social phenomena. The term is particularly associated with the German sociologist, Max Weber, whose antipositivism established an alternative to prior sociological positivism and economic determinism, rooted in the analysis of social action. |
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