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Sociology
flashcards for sociology final
97
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
05/07/2012

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Auguste Comte
Definition
founder of sociology, advocated positivism, social statics and social dynamics
Term
Harriet Martineau
Definition
first book on research methods, did comparative studies, promoted women’s rights
Term
Herbert Spencer
Definition
society is like an organism, argued that societies evolve from simple to complex forms
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
economic inequality, class conflict, social change
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
Social solidarity
Term
Max Weber
Definition
Value free sociology
Term
Functionalist perspective
Definition
society is a system of interacting parts. Each part has a function. The system tends toward equilibrium balance and stability. Some things are dysfunctional: deviance, disorder, riots, crime
Term
The conflict perspective
Definition
– the structure of society is the product of past conflicts and the current distribution of power. The structure benefits those with enough power to prevail in conflicts and maintain the system
Term
The interactionist perspective
Definition
society is possible because: the human capacity to create, share, and use symbols. Humans share meanings. Society from this perspective is the product of a social definition process
Term
Observational research
Definition
natural environment - minimal control
Term
experimental research
Definition
unnatural environment - maximum control
Term
survey
Definition
compromise of experimental and observational
Term
culture
Definition
the social heritage of a people
-learned patterns for thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
symbols
Definition
non-verbal language
Term
folkway
Definition
norms for casual interaction
Term
mores
Definition
widely observed norms with great moral significance
Term
laws
Definition
formal rules backed by the state
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
judging behavior of other groups by standards of our own
Term
Cultural Universals
Definition
patterns common in all cultures
Term
Cultural integration
Definition
cultural elements tend to be consistent with each other, but integration is not perfect
Term
Cultural relativism
Definition
examination of the behavior of others in light of their values beliefs and motives
Term
Sub-culture
Definition
distinct and unique cultural patterns of a group that shares mainstream cultural traits
Term
Counter-culture
Definition
a subculture at odds with the larger society
Term
Master Status
Definition
The social position is the primary identifying characteristic of a person
Term
role
Definition
a set of expectations attached to a position
Term
role set
Definition
a status with many roles
(the professor is a teacher, researcher, and an administrator)
Term
Socialization
Definition
process of social interaction where people acquire knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and values
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
people learn within a social context. Facilitated by modeling and observational learning
Term
Cognitive developmental theory
Definition
adapting to the world through assimilation and accommodation
Term
Symbolic interactionism
Definition
the patterns of communication, interpretation, and adjustment between individuals.
-everybody reacts to things differently
Term
The Thomas theorem
Definition
if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
Term
Definition of the situation
Definition
the interpretation or meaning we give to our immediate circumstances
Term
self-esteem
Definition
how we feel about ourselves
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
how well we believe we can attain our goals
Term
Charles Horton Cooley
Definition
the looking-glass self (how we think others see us, how we think others judge us, and our emotional reactions to that)
Term
George Herbert mead
Definition
subjective “I”, objective “Me”
- I = who we imagine we are to ourselves
- Me = who we imagine we are to others
The generalized other – the attitudes of others in general
Term
Erving Goffman
Definition
social life as a drama


-impression management – person A gives off expressions, person B takes impressions
-the activity of A is a performance, may be sincere or cynical
Term
primary group
Definition
face-to-face interaction
-intimate and private
Term
secondary group
Definition
impersonal, instrumental, public
Term
voluntary organization
Definition
purposive, solidary
Term
coercive organization
Definition
forced into
-prison, psychiatric hospitals
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
social structure made of a hierarchy of statuses and roles prescribed by explicit rules. Based on a division of function and authority
Term
Parkinson’s law
Definition
work makes more work. People want to be busy, so they make more work, then need more people
Term
Peter principle
Definition
employees in a bureaucracy are promoted to the level of their incompetence
Term
Normative perspective on deviance
Definition
deviant behavior violates norms and elicits sanctions
Term
Reactivist perspective on deviance
Definition
deviance is not inherent in an act but results from application of rules to an offender
Term
Social stratification
Definition
the structured ranking of individuals and groups into horizontal layers
-can be open or closed
Term
class system
Definition
advanced industrial societies have a class system
Term
Estate system
Definition
like a feudal society
Term
Caste system
Definition
traditional society. Different castes born into
Term
Karl Marx on stratification
Definition
one dimension is wealth. The one classification system is class
Sources of wealth – land capital and labor
-bourgeoisie take advantage of proletariats
Term
functional Theory of stratification
Definition
some tasks are essential for the wellbeing of society
-in order to motivate people to prepare to perform tasks they don’t want to do, we must give them incentives through higher status and more money
Term
Conflict theory of stratification
Definition
stratification exists b/c it benefits individuals and groups who have power to dominate others
Term
race
Definition
presumably biologically distinct population
-socially defined, however
Term
Ethnic groups
Definition
culturally distinct populations that are socially defined
Term
Prejudice
Definition
A fixed image of a category that isn't tested in reality
Term
discrimination
Definition
an action based off of unequal views of different types of people
Term
sex
Definition
biological distinction
Term
gender
Definition
sociocultural distinction
Term
traditional authority
Definition
power legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs
Term
Charismatic authority
Definition
power legitimated by people’s beliefs in the extraordinary attributes of a leader
Term
Legal-rational authority
Definition
power legitimated by explicit rules and procedures of organizations and institutions
Term
Functionalist perspective on political power
Definition
functions of the state are to enforce norms, plan, manage internal conflict, protect from external threat
Term
Elitist perspective on political power
Definition
state is controlled by a small group of people
Term
Class conflict perspective on political power
Definition
state is an administrative arm of the capitalist class
Term
Church
Definition
formal, whole society, connected to the government
Term
Denomination
Definition
competitive, supports mainstream values, accepts legitimacy of other denominations
Term
Sect
Definition
results from schisms I established bodies, doesn’t accept legitimacy of other groups, alienated
Term
Cult
Definition
wants to transform entire life of members, alienated, accepts legitimacy of others for protection
Term
Secularization theory
Definition
society is based on labor not religion. Religion is more personal than societal. Religion is providing fewer payoffs through social rewards so people are drifting away.
Term
Rational choice theory
Definition
religious impulse is constant. Religious monopolies weaken religion by reducing people’s motivation to convert others. Creates competition and incentivizes people to convert others.
Term
Sector theory
Definition
growth of populations is along transportation routes
Term
Multiple nuclei theory
Definition
growth is in functional centers
Term
Crude Birth rate
Definition
(births/population) x 1000
Term
General fertility rate
Definition
(births/women age 15-44) X 1000
Term
fertility
Definition
actual births
Term
fecundity
Definition
potential births
Term
crude death rate
Definition
(deaths/population) x 1000
Term
infant mortality rate
Definition
(deaths under 1yo/live births) x 1000
Term
Theory of demographic transition
Definition
i – high potential growth
ii – transitional growth
iii – population stability
Term
social change
Definition
process by which a society becomes different while remaining the same in some aspects
Term
evolutionary theory of social change
Definition
social evolution is progress from simple to complex
Term
cyclical theories
Definition
societies rise and fall, like the life cycle of humans
-development, maturity, decline, death
Term
Functionalist theories
Definition
forces stability and change operate together over time. Societies adjust toward equilibrium
Term
Conflict theories
Definition
continuous conflict causes continuous change
Term
Collective behavior
Definition
way of thinking of a large # of people that are spontaneous and unstructured
-rumor, fashion, fad, mass hysteria, panic, crowd
Term
Casual crowd
Definition
people waiting for a bus or sitting in a lobby
Term
Conventional crowd
Definition
people assembled for a purpose, like class or a football game
Term
Expressive crowd
Definition
emotional, driven behavior…rock concert
Term
Acting crowd
Definition
a crowd intent on accomplishing something, like rushing a stage after a concert
Term
Contagion theory
Definition
crowd behavior determined by characteristics of crowd
Term
Convergence theory
Definition
convergence of similar people
Term
Emergent norm theory
Definition
crowd behavior is ambiguous. More emotions are expressed, more uncertain people looking for cues
Term
Revolutionary
Definition
change society. Change the system (revolutionary war)
Term
Reform
Definition
accepts some, but wants to improve (civil rights movement)
Term
Resistance
Definition
causes of social movements
Term
Expressive
Definition
movements devoted to the expression of personal beliefs and feelings
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