BSG  Fct Subdivisions:

1)Sensorimotor: name the 4

2)Association:  Name the4

3)Limbic...name the 3

1)  Putamen, Globus pallidus, SNpr, and SNpc

2)  Caudate Nucleus, Globus Pallidus, SNpr, and SNpc

3) Nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and VTA.

1)  BG...Afferents go to _______ of BG.

2)  The afferents to BG are (name the 6)

3)  The Efferents from the BG are (name the 2 parts of the Thalmus)

1)  Striatum (Caudate and Putamen)

2) Cerebral CORTEX, Thalmus, Amygdala, Raphe,SNpc, and VTA

3)  Ventral tier nuclei of THalmus, and Superior COlliculus of Thalmus.

1)  name the 4 characteristics of Parkinson's

2)  name the 3 characteristics of Huntington's

3)  Which is caused by lack of DA

4) where do the Indirect and Direct Pathways come back together....?

1)  BARR- Brady kinesia, Akensia, Resting Tremor, Rigidity

2)  Psychiatric disturbances, Chorea, Dementia

3)  Parkinson's

4)  GPe (Globus Pallidus External

1) NGGSP (no good sex since phil)  What are the main components of the BG

2) The sub components of NGS?

1) Neostriatum or Striatum

Globus Pallidus (means pale globe)

Subthalmic Nucleus (under thalamus and cigar-shaped)

Substantia Niagra

Pedunculopontine Nucleus

2)  Neostriatum (Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Nucleus Accumbens)

Globus Pallidus (Internal/External Segments, Ventral Pallidum)

Substantia Niagra (pc and pr)

A) Output of basal ganglia is directed towards which lobe?

b)  In partcular which Cortexes?  (there are 2)

a) Frontal lobe

b) Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex

Tremors name the type for each characteristic:

 Decreases when patient moves limb

called essential tremor

5-8 Hz

Seen in Parkinsonism

Alcohol Responsive

Most common of all movement disorders

Pill-rolling

Decreases when patient moves limb

Resting Tremor

Postural

Postural

Resting

Postural

Postural 

Resting

1) How does L-Dopa work?

2)  Agents that imitate dopamine are called

3)  What drug increases the release of dopamin in teh striatum ?

4)  What prevents breakdown of Dopamine

1)  Brain is able to make dopamine from L-DOPA

2)  dopaminergic agents (Mirapex and Requip)

3)  Amantadine

4) Carbidopa

Characteristics of HD or PD...Name which one:

1)Autosomal Dominant dz of Chrom 4?

2) Cogwheel Rigidity? 

3) Atrophy of Striatum

4) Decreased Dopamine levels?

5)Chorea, dementia, psychiatric disturbances

6)  Atrophy of SN

7) Onset between 40-70

8) 5-15 yrs before disability

1) HD

2) PD

3)  HD

4) PD

5) HD

6)PD

7)PD

8) PD

1) Common Causes of Chorea (name the 4)

1) HD, Wilson's Dz (can't metabolize copper), A side affect of PD meds or antipsychotics.

1)  Direct motor pthway or (Pyramidal) contains the _____ and ______ ______ tracts. Also the ____tract is included which controls movements of eyes, tongue,chewing, expression, and speech.  

2)  Which of these two is the 90% that cross in teh medulla?

3)  Which of these two controls neck and trunk muscles

4) which controls skilled movements of hands and feet

5)  The corticobulbar is the tract from the cortex to the nuclie of cranial nerves ? (all motors)

1)  Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. Corticobulbar

2) Lateral Corticospinal

3) Anterior Corticospinal

4) Lateral Cortico spinal

5)  III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII

1) Indirect paths are also called the ________ tracts?

2)  Name the 5 Indirect pthways (mr tv left remote ready )

3)Receives signals from red nucleus that govern precise movements of distal limbs? 

4) receives signals fromsuperior colliculus that move eyes in response to visual stimuli

5)  from vestibular nucleus to govern trunk 4 balance.

1) Extrapyramidal

2)   Medial reticulospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, rubrospinal.

3) Rubrospinal

4) Tectospinal

5) Vestibulospinal

More on Indirects:

 1)  from reticular formation...facilitates flexion and decrease muscle tone in proximal parts of  limb of axial skeleton...inhibits extensor here as well

2) Opposite of 1

1)  Lateral reticulospinal

2) Medial reticulospinal

1) Somatosensory Ascending...DAVS...name the 4

2) name them:  Carries pain, temp, and crude touch...is 2nd order

3)  Discriminative sense and proprioception...has myelinated mechanoreceptors to dorsal column nuclei (gracilis and cuneatus) in medulla.

4)  Inputs from muscles and joints for balance

5) Spinal projections to nucleus of solitary tract.  carries visceral infor especially taste and pain.  Spinal  neurons also project ot parabrachial region.

1)  Dorsal Columns, Anterolateral System, Visceral Information, and Spinocerebellar

2) Anterolateral Spinothalmic

3)DorsalColumn

4) Spinocerebellar Tracts

5)  Visceral Information Pathways

1) Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to Cortex: when neurons cross it becoomes ML pthway

 Proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination & ______

2)Signals travel up spinal cord in posterior column
Fibers cross-over in ______ to become the medial lemniscus pathway ending in thalamus
Thalamic fibers reach cortex

3)  Total of __ neuron sets?

4)  _____ order neurons connect Medulla to Midbrain.

1)  Stereognosis (perceiving object using ony touch)

2)  Medulla

3) Three

4) 2nd Order...third order is in THalmus and connects to somatosensory cerebral cortex

Antero lateral SPINOTHALAMIC Pthway:

1) which of 2 carries  Pain/temperature

2)  which carries tickle, itch, crude touch and pressure.

3)  Where does crossing over occur?  which neuron is this?

4)  Where is the 3rd cell body...any crossing here?

5)  Where is 1st cell body....where does it synapse 

1) Lateral

2)  Anterior

3) Spinal cord.  2nd Neuron...cellbody in the gray matter of the cord...Fibers sent to other side of cord to antero-lateral tracts

 4)   Thalamus, NO

5) DRG...spinal cord

1) WHere does crossing over occur in the anterior/posteior Spinocerebellar tracts?

2)  Are we usually conscious of the conveyed info?

3)  Where does the signal travel to?

1)  It doesn't

2) No (subconscious balance)

3)  Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Pain:

1)  do C fibers have mylination?

2) in general pain receptors are called?

3) Tissue injury chmicals that stimulate Nocireceptors are (3 in notes)

4) Any in the brizain?

1) No..this is why they are slow to conduct

2) Nocireceptors

3) K+, Kinins, or prostoglandins

4) No

Pain: 

What blocks formation fo prostaglandins?

What blocks nerve conduction?

What lessens brain's perception of pain?

ASA and Ibuprofen

Novocaine

Morphine

Paralysis:

1) Flaccid is UMN or LMN damage?

2)  SPastic is?

1) LMN (no voluntary movement on same side of damage, no reflex actions, muscle limp and toneless

2) UMN...increased tone, exaggerated reflexes..paralysis on opposite side from injury.

1) What is the loss of the ability to think about what you want to do and completing the task?

2)  LMN runs from _____ to muscles

3)  LMN weakness from destruction of (2 things)

4) UMN goes from _____ tract to anterior horn

5) Babinski and clonus are examles of ____ lesion results.

1) Apraxia

2)   anterior horn cell

3) anterior horn cell or axons in ANTERIOR roots and nerves.

4) Corticospinal

5) UMN

Gaits:

1)  Stroke pts, damage of corticospinal, scissor walking, Stiff-legged circumduction, toe walking

2)  Wide based, staggering, no tandem gait, POSITIVE ROMBERG

3(  Slow gait, shuffling, narrow-bassed, stooped, no arm swing

1)  Spastic

2) Sensory Ataxia

3) Parkinsonian

Gaits: 

1)  Dizziness no mater what he/she is doing, staggering, wide, no tandem

2)  Negative Romberg (same if eyes open/closed), widebased, staggering, no tandem

3)  No dorsiflexion...damage of peroneal nerve ( caused by broken fibula)...highstep

1)  Vertigenous Ataxia

2) Cerebellar ataxia

3)  Footdrop

Psychogenic Ataxia:

1)  lack of concern is allso called?

2) commonly caused by?

3) watch out for?

4)  What is a good test?

1) La belle indifference

2) Stress

3) Secondary Gain (profit)

4) Injury are avoided

MS:

1) Onset between __ and __ years....

2) consistent or intermittent?

3) Need how many white matter lesions in MRI to diagnose?

4) Postulated cause?

5) Confirmation test?

1) 15-50

2) Intermittent

3)  2 (commonly in northern lattitudes)

4)  Probably a ubiquitous virus that leads to autoimmune attack.

5)  Oligoclonal bands of  Ab in CSF 

Symptoms of MS:

Name some:

What are some signs?"

Unilateral visual impairment, diplopia, paresthesias, unsteadiness, fatigue

Optic neuritis (IN ONE EYE), spasticity, Nystagmus 

1)  Simultaneous UMN and LMN degenerations is called ___ or ___ ____ dz

2)  Eventually leads to ____ _____.

1)ALS Lou Gehrigs

2)  Respiratory Failure

Somatosensory Pathways

1)  An unpleasant or abnormal sensation is caled?

2) Painful sensation provoked by a minor stimulus

3)  ____ ____ lesions most commonly cause problems in this pthway

1)  Dysesthesia

2)   Hyperpathia or ALLODYNIA

3) Spinal Cord