Term
The olfactory epithelium consists of three kinds of cells: Olfactory receptors, Supporting cells, and Basal cells |
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Definition
Olfactory receptors: bipolar neurons with knob-shaped dendrites adjacent to the nasal mucosa.
Supporting cells: columnar epithelium that separates the cell bodies of the olfactory receptors.
Basal cells: lie b/w the bases of the supporting cells; they continually regenerate olfactory receptors, which live only a month.
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Term
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Definition
Olfactory 'hairs" that protrude from each dendrite. |
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Term
What synapses with the olfactory bulb? |
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Definition
| the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I); the axons of the olfactory receptors converge within the connective tissue to form the branches of the olfactory nerve. |
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Term
What is olfactory adaptation? |
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Definition
| The level of stimulus you're aware of originally, you are no longer aware of after time. (decreasing sensitivity) |
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory (bowman's) glands secrete mucus which moistens the surface of the epithelium and dissolves odors. |
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Term
| Each taste bud is an oval body containing three types of epithelial cells |
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Definition
| supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| form a capsule which surrounds approximately 50 gustatory receptor cells |
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Term
What do each receptor cell project? |
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Definition
| The project gustatory "hair" (microvillus) into the external environment through an opening in the papillae epithelium called a taste pore. |
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Term
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Definition
| are found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue later of the papillae; they produce supporting cells which then develop into receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| are relatively large dome-shaped papillae which are located in the posteior of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| are knob-like projections on the tip and sides of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| are pointed threadlike structures that cover the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; they generally do not suuport taste buds |
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Term
What is the life span of receptor cells in the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the boundary of the connective tissue, the _____ synapse with ____ of the sensory nerve fibers (provided by cranial nerves __,__, and __, which connect to the medulla |
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Definition
-receptor cells
-dendrites
-VII, IX, and X |
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Term
What are the five primary taste sensations and where are they concentrated on the tongue? |
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Definition
Tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweetness and saltiness.
The sides are most sensitive to sourness.
The back is most sensitive to bitterness.
Umami (savoriness;meaty)
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Term
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Definition
| help protect from foreign objects, perspiration, and sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| eyelid that gets its shape from the thick fold of connective tissue known as the tarsal plate |
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Term
What do the tarsal secaceous glands secrete? |
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Definition
| secrete oil which prevents the eyelids from adhering; sebaceous glands are also found at the base of hair follicles of the eyelashes |
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Term
Paleperal conjuctiva
(mucus membrane) |
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Definition
| lines the inside of the eyelid; it is continuous with the bulbar conjuctiva |
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Term
Bulbar (ocular) conjuctiva |
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Definition
| covers the sclera; bloodshot eyes are dilation of the blood vessels of the bulbar conjuctiva |
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Term
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Definition
| release a lubricating fluid into follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| size & shape of an almond that secrete lacrimal fluid |
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Term
| excretory lacrimal glands |
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Definition
| where lacrimal fluid is drained into; they empty years onto the surface of the conjuctiva of the upper lid |
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Term
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Definition
| tears are drained into the puncta after being drained into the ducts; on the nasal side of the eyes |
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Term
After the years drain into the lacrimal puncta they drain into the ___, which lead into the ____ and into the nasal cavity. |
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Definition
- lacrimal canals (superior or inferior)
- nasolacrimal duct |
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Term
What pathway do tears take? |
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Definition
| lacrimal gland->excretory lacrimal ducts->superior or inferior lacrimal canal->lacrimal sac->nasolacrimal duct->nasal cavity |
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Term
Six extrinsic eye muscles |
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Definition
1. superior rectus
2. inferior rectus
3. lateral rectus
4. medial rectus
5. superior oblique
6. inferior oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| turns the eye superior and medially |
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Term
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Definition
| turns the eye inferior and medially |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| turns the eye down and laterally |
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Term
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Definition
| turns the eye up and laterally |
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Term
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve? |
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Definition
| directs eyeball, controls lens shape (reflex responses to varying light intensity and focusing of eye for near vison) |
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Term
| The extrinsic eye muscles receive innervation from which cranial nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "white of the eye" provides shape and protects inner parts; a dense coat of fibrous connective tissue that covers the eye except at the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| highly vascularized posterior portion of the vascular tunic which lines most of the internal surface of the sclera; provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous tunic; forms the inner coat of the posteerior three quarters, and is covered with abundant blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonvascular, transparent coat which covers the iris and pupil; admits and refracts light |
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Term
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Definition
| color portion of the eye suspended b/w the cornea and the lens, and attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes; consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers; regulates amount of light that enters the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| the hole in the center of the iris; contrictor pupillae contraction decrease size of pupil, dilator pupillae contraction increase size of pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| lies behind the pupil and the iris, in the anterior of the cavity in the eyeballs; it's made up of crystallins enclosed by clear connective tissue capsule and held in place by suspensory ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of ciliary muscle which alter the shape of the lens, and the ciliary processes on the interla surface, where epithelial cells secrete aqueous humor |
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Term
suspensory ligaments
(zonular fibers) |
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Definition
| extend from ciliary process and attach to the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| jagged anterior margin of the retina to a point just posterior to the junction of the sclera and cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into the anterior and posterior chamber; filled with aqueous humor, secreted by the ciliary processes behind the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| behind the cornea and in front of the iris; filled with aqueous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| filled with aqueous humor; behind the iris and in front of the suspensory ligaments and lens |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior cavity of the eyeball (large space behind the lens) |
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Term
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Definition
| jellylike substance which provides the remaining itraocular pressure; does not undergo continual replacement unlike the aqueous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow spot in the center of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cones, layers of bipolar and glanglion cells; area of highest visual acuity |
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Term
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Definition
| "blind spot"; in the center of the retina; the site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| carries different impulses associated with vision |
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Term
What makes up the fibrous tunic? |
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Definition
| outercoat of the eyeball consisting of the cornea (anterior) and sclera (posterior) |
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Term
Which two structures of the eye are transparent and focus light? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loss of transparency of the lens |
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Term
What makes up the vascular tunic? |
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Definition
| middle layer of the eyeball that has three portions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris |
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Term
What are rods and cones and how do they differ in function? |
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Definition
| Rods (night vision) are highly branched they converge on one neuron, they collect dim images and focus othem on one neuron. Cones (day vision) are connected one by one and have higher acuity |
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Term
Where are cones most concentrated? |
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Definition
| bright light; color/day vision |
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Term
Where is highest concentration of rods? |
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Definition
| dim light; black and white/night vision |
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Term
Relationship b/w photoreceptors, pigmented epithelium, bipoal cells |
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Definition
| Each photoreceptor (rodor cone) contains an "outer segment" proximal to the pigmented epithelium, and an "inner segment" proximal to the synapse with the bipolar cells. |
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Term
What are the neaural cells of the retina? |
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Definition
| photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells |
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Term
Pathway of nerve signal in retina |
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Definition
1. light penetrates retina
2. rods and cones transduce light into action potentials
3. rods and cones excite bipolar cells
4. bipolar cells excite ganglion cells
5. axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve leaving the eyeball, to thalamus and then the primary visual cortex |
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Term
Visual pathway of the brain |
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Definition
1. The axons of the ganglion cells of the retina converge at the posterior aspect of the eyeball annd exit from the eye as the optic nerve.
2. At the optic chiasma, the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side.
3. The fiber tracts thus formed are called the optic tracts. Each optic tract contains fibers from the medial side of the opposite side.
4. The optic tract fibers synapse with neuron in the lateral geniculate body, terminating in the visual cortex in the occiptal lobe of the brain.
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Term
What is the optic chiasma? |
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Definition
| a crossing point of optic nerves |
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Term
Where is the function and location of the primary visual area? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function and locationg of aqeous humor? |
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Definition
| nourishes the lens and cornea; produces intraocular pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| canal of Schlemm; where the aqueous humor drains into after the anterior chamber |
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Term
What is intraocular pressure? |
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Definition
| produced by aqueous humor; normally 16mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive intraocular pressure causes degeneration of the retina |
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Term
What is myopia and how is it corrected? |
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Definition
| nearsightedness; corrected by a concave lens |
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Term
What is hyperopia and how is it corrected? |
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Definition
| farsightedness; corrected with a convex lens |
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Term
What is astigmatism and how is it corrected?? |
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Definition
| blurred vision due to unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea; it is corrected by a lens which compensates for the irregularity |
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Term
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Definition
| bending of light as it passes from one substance (air) into a second substance with a different desnity (cornea) |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in lens shape which focuses near objects |
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Term
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Definition
| when accomodation deteriotates |
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Term
What is binocular vision? |
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Definition
| both eyes focus on one set of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation of depth from the two slightly different projections of the world into the retina of the two eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| the eye with the better view |
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Term
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Definition
| the slightly differences b/w the views seen by two eyes are fused by the higher centers of the visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
- auricle (pinna); helix (rim of auricle); lobule (inferior protion of aurcile)
- external auditory canal (meatus) lies in the temporal bone and produces cerumen
- tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles |
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Term
auditory (eustachian) tube |
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Definition
| connects with the nasopharaynx; it is open to infections causing fluid that can damage the ear; when swallowing and yawning it relives pressure and fluid pressure on both sides of the ear drums |
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Term
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Definition
| in the middle ear; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrups) |
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Term
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Definition
bony spiral canal (snail shell); sensory receptors for hearing and nerve impulses are located here |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane covered opening b/w middle and inner ear where the footplate of the stapes fits |
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Term
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Definition
| acts a pressure relief valve for the increased fluid pressure in the scala tympani; bulges into the tympanic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| contains receptors for the sense of balance |
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Term
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Definition
| sac found in vestibule, site of maculae, and functions in static equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| inner ear, contains receptors dor sense of balance |
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Term
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Definition
| the swellings at the ends of the semicircular canals |
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Term
vestibular and cochlear branches of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) |
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Definition
| nerve impulses get sent to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| consits of the vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous tubes and sacs surrounded by the bony labryinth |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid found in b/w the bony and membranous labryinth |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid similar to interstital fluid but high in K+ |
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Term
scala tympani and scala vestibuli |
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Definition
| both filled with perilymph |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the spinal organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a gelarinous membrane which extends into the endolymph and gently covers the hair receptors |
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Term
What do the basal ends of the hair cells synapse with? |
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Definition
| synapse with the fibers of the cochlear branch |
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Term
Part of the bony labryinth |
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Definition
| scala tymani and scala vestibuli |
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Term
part of the membrane labryinth |
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Definition
| cochlear duct, basilar membrane, vestibular membrane, tectoral membrane, and hair cells fo the spinal organ |
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