Term
What are the four types of stimuli? |
|
Definition
Mechanial Thermal Stimuli Electromagentic Stimuli Chemical Stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the process of experiencing pain known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of nociception? |
|
Definition
To protect the body from pain |
|
|
Term
What are the four stages of experiencing pain? |
|
Definition
Transduction Transmission Modulation Perception |
|
|
Term
What are the four special senses? |
|
Definition
Taste Smell Hearing Vision |
|
|
Term
What is the technical term for taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of sense is taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the receptors located for tasting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are taste buds made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the process of tasting... |
|
Definition
Chemical in the food being eaten dissolve in the saliva where they are detected by the gustatoru cells in the taste buds, the nerve endings in contact with these cells they carry the information to the sensory cortex via the glossopharyngeal nerve. |
|
|
Term
What is the technical term for smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of sense is smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the process of smelling... |
|
Definition
The inhaled chemicals dissolve in the mucoid secretions coating the nasal membranes, where olfactory cells process the information and nerve impulses travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve. |
|
|
Term
What is the ear used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the technical term for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of sense is hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Explain the process of hearing... |
|
Definition
Vibrations are converted into nerve implused and the carried to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
Name the three sections of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What shape is the ear canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two parts of the ear canal called? |
|
Definition
Vertical Canal Horizontal Canal |
|
|
Term
What two parts make up the external ear? |
|
Definition
Pinna External Acoustic Meatus (External Ear Canal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A funnel shaped plate of elastic cartilage covered with skin |
|
|
Term
Why are animal able to move the pinna? |
|
Definition
For optimum sound wave collection |
|
|
Term
Whats the main function of the pinna? |
|
Definition
To funnel sound waves from the environment towards the ear drum |
|
|
Term
Where does the external ear canal end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name for the ring of cartilage which supports the horizontal canal? |
|
Definition
The Annular Auditory Canal |
|
|
Term
What is the skin of the ear canal lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the ceruminous glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the purposes of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
To seperate the external ear from the middle ear To transmit vibrations from sound waves to the auditory ossicles |
|
|
Term
Where does the middle ear lie? |
|
Definition
Within the tympanic bulla |
|
|
Term
What is the tympanic bulla? |
|
Definition
An air filled cavity which connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear by the eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
What does the middle ear consist of? |
|
Definition
Tympanic Membrane Tympanic Cavity Auditory Ossicles |
|
|
Term
What is the tympanic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is contained within the tympanic cavity? |
|
Definition
3 small bones known as the auditory ossicles |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of the eusachian tubes? |
|
Definition
To obtain air for the tympanic cavity, when the animal swallows the eustachian tube opens to allow equal air on each side of the ear drum equalising the air pressure within the middle ear |
|
|
Term
How are the auditory ossicles linked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the auditory ossicles connect? |
|
Definition
The tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear |
|
|
Term
What are the three names of the auditory ossicles? |
|
Definition
1. Stapes 2. Incus 3. Malleus |
|
|
Term
What does the stapes attach to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the incus located? |
|
Definition
In between the stapes and the malleus |
|
|
Term
What does the malleus attach to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The inner ear is a delicate structure filled with fluid, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the inner ear consist of? |
|
Definition
The bony labyrinth The membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
What is the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
A delicate continuous membrane suspended within the bony labyrinth |
|
|
Term
What three things does the bony labyrinth consist of? |
|
Definition
The cochlea The vestibule The semi-circular canals |
|
|
Term
What type of fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What links the bony labyrinth to the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the membranous labyrinth structure contain that respond to sound and movement? |
|
Definition
Hair like sensory receptor cells |
|
|
Term
What does the membranous cochlea house? |
|
Definition
Sensory receptor cells which form the organ of corti which detects sound |
|
|
Term
What moves the small hairs in the organ of corti which are then converted into nervous impulses to be interpreted? |
|
Definition
Vibrations from the ossicles and oval window causes waves in the fluid in the cochlea which moves the hairs |
|
|
Term
What two sac like structures make up the membranous vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the saccule and the utricule connect? |
|
Definition
Cochlea to the semi circular canals |
|
|
Term
What do the saccule and utricule contain areas of? |
|
Definition
Maculaes surrounded by endolymph |
|
|
Term
What are the main purpose of the maculaes in the saccule and utricule? |
|
Definition
To maintain balance when the animal is standing still |
|
|
Term
Describe how the body maintains static balance |
|
Definition
When the animal is standing still the head makes small movements to adjust the bodies position, the pull of gravity moves the endolymph whoch moves the sensory hairs which transmit nerve impluses to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
How many membranous semi circular canals are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the semicircular canals? |
|
Definition
To maintain balance when moving |
|
|
Term
What are the swollen bases at the end of the membranous semicircular canals called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is contained within the ampulla? |
|
Definition
sensory hair cells and endolymph |
|
|
Term
Describe how the body maintains balance when moving? |
|
Definition
when the body moves the endolymph causes distorsion to the hair cells which then send messages to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
What receptors are found in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What structure does the eye sit in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three layers which make up the eyeball? |
|
Definition
1. Sclera/Cornea (outer protective layer) 2. Uvea (middle vascular layer) 3. Retina (inner nervous layer) |
|
|
Term
What is the Sclera, made out of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the Sclera? |
|
Definition
To maintain the shape of the eye and protect internal structures |
|
|
Term
What structure of the eye has a poor blood supply but is well supplied with sensory nerve fibres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the Cornea? |
|
Definition
As it is the first part of the eye to be hit by rays of light, its function is to start focusing these rays of light onto the retina at the back of the eye |
|
|
Term
What is the junction called where the cornea meets the sclera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The drainage point for aqueous humour |
|
|
Term
What are the three structures which make up the middle eye? |
|
Definition
1) Choroid 2) Ciliary Body 3) Iris |
|
|
Term
Where does the choroid lie? |
|
Definition
In between the Retina and Sclera |
|
|
Term
What does the Choroid contain? |
|
Definition
Blood Vessels which supply all the internal structures of the eyeball |
|
|
Term
What is the inner reflective layer called which is found in the choroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the Tapetum Lucidum? |
|
Definition
To improve night vision by reflecting light back into the eye |
|
|
Term
What is the Ciliary Body and which direction do they point? |
|
Definition
They are thickened structure which points towards the centre of the eye |
|
|
Term
What controls the thickness and shape of the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What structure continuing from the ciliary body holds the lens in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the fluid which the ciliary body produces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two cavities of the eye? |
|
Definition
1) Anterior Chamber 2) Posterior Chamber |
|
|
Term
What is the division between the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the Anterior chamber? |
|
Definition
To maintain pressure within the eye |
|
|
Term
What is contained within the anterior chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where can the posterior cavity be found? |
|
Definition
Inbetween the lens and retina |
|
|
Term
What fills the posterior cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the Vitreous Humour? |
|
Definition
Provides nutrients Shapes the Eye |
|
|
Term
What is a continuation of the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the free edges of the ciliary body form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the names of the muscles within the Iris and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
Circular Muscle Radial Muscle Change the shape of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye |
|
|
Term
Which type of cell gathers information from the photoreceptor cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which cells transmit the impulse from the bipolar receptors to the optic nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two types of photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To provide night vision, are sensitive to light but not colour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These respond to detailed colour vision |
|
|
Term
What percentage of cones and rods do dogs and cats have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for the area of the retina which can the highest concentration of cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An area of the retina which has no receptor cells (where the optic nerve leaves the eye) |
|
|
Term
What is the correct term for the eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name for where the upper and lower lids join? |
|
Definition
Medial canthus Lateral canthus |
|
|
Term
What glands are along the edges of each lids? |
|
Definition
Meibomian Glands (Tarsal Glands) |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the meibomian glands? |
|
Definition
To protect and lubricate the inner surface |
|
|
Term
What is the inner protective structure which surrounds the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What lies in the medial canthus? |
|
Definition
Nictitating Membrane (Third Eyelid) |
|
|
Term
What is the nictitating membrane? |
|
Definition
A plate of cartilage and smooth muscle supplied with glandular and lymphoid tissue to protect the eye and keep it moist |
|
|
Term
Which gland is behind the third eye lid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the Harderian Gland secrete? |
|
Definition
Waxy portion of the tear film |
|
|
Term
What gland is beneath the upper eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the Lacrimal Glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What two openings in the medial canthus do the tears drain into? |
|
Definition
Lacrimal Puncta leading to the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo |
|
|
Term
Where do the Lacrimal Puncta and the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo lead to? |
|
Definition
The nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
What is the term for extra eyelashes along the margin of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for when the eyelid turns in towards the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for when the lower eyelid falls away from the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opacity within the lens caused by diabetes, chemical irritation, ulceration and scarring, can be normal in older dogs and is called nuclear sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased Ocular Pressure |
|
|
Term
How do you measure the degree of Glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
|
|