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Special Senses
The Ear, Eye and Nose
118
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
04/20/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the four types of stimuli?
Definition
Mechanial
Thermal Stimuli
Electromagentic Stimuli
Chemical Stimuli
Term
What are Nociceptors?
Definition
Pain Receptors
Term
What is the process of experiencing pain known as?
Definition
Nociception
Term
What is the purpose of nociception?
Definition
To protect the body from pain
Term
What are the four stages of experiencing pain?
Definition
Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception
Term
What are the four special senses?
Definition
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Vision
Term
What is the technical term for taste?
Definition
Gustation
Term
What type of sense is taste?
Definition
Chemical
Term
Where are the receptors located for tasting?
Definition
In the taste buds
Term
What are taste buds made up of?
Definition
Gustatory cells
Term
Describe the process of tasting...
Definition
Chemical in the food being eaten dissolve in the saliva where they are detected by the gustatoru cells in the taste buds, the nerve endings in contact with these cells they carry the information to the sensory cortex via the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Term
What is the technical term for smell?
Definition
Olfaction
Term
What type of sense is smell?
Definition
Chemical
Term
Describe the process of smelling...
Definition
The inhaled chemicals dissolve in the mucoid secretions coating the nasal membranes, where olfactory cells process the information and nerve impulses travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve.
Term
What is the ear used for?
Definition
Hearing
Balance
Term
What is the technical term for hearing?
Definition
Auditory
Term
What type of sense is hearing?
Definition
Mechanical
Term
Explain the process of hearing...
Definition
Vibrations are converted into nerve implused and the carried to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
Name the three sections of the ear?
Definition
External
Middle
Inner
Term
What shape is the ear canal?
Definition
Its a L shape
Term
What are the two parts of the ear canal called?
Definition
Vertical Canal
Horizontal Canal
Term
What two parts make up the external ear?
Definition
Pinna
External Acoustic Meatus (External Ear Canal)
Term
What is the Pinna?
Definition
A funnel shaped plate of elastic cartilage covered with skin
Term
Why are animal able to move the pinna?
Definition
For optimum sound wave collection
Term
Whats the main function of the pinna?
Definition
To funnel sound waves from the environment towards the ear drum
Term
Where does the external ear canal end?
Definition
at the tympanic membrane
Term
What is the name for the ring of cartilage which supports the horizontal canal?
Definition
The Annular Auditory Canal
Term
What is the skin of the ear canal lined with?
Definition
Ceruminous glands
Term
What do the ceruminous glands produce?
Definition
Cerumen (ear wax)
Term
What are the purposes of the tympanic membrane?
Definition
To seperate the external ear from the middle ear
To transmit vibrations from sound waves to the auditory ossicles
Term
Where does the middle ear lie?
Definition
Within the tympanic bulla
Term
What is the tympanic bulla?
Definition
An air filled cavity which connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear by the eustachian tube
Term
What does the middle ear consist of?
Definition
Tympanic Membrane
Tympanic Cavity
Auditory Ossicles
Term
What is the tympanic cavity?
Definition
An air filled cavity
Term
What is contained within the tympanic cavity?
Definition
3 small bones known as the auditory ossicles
Term
What is the purpose of the eusachian tubes?
Definition
To obtain air for the tympanic cavity, when the animal swallows the eustachian tube opens to allow equal air on each side of the ear drum equalising the air pressure within the middle ear
Term
How are the auditory ossicles linked?
Definition
By synovial joints
Term
What do the auditory ossicles connect?
Definition
The tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear
Term
What are the three names of the auditory ossicles?
Definition
1. Stapes
2. Incus
3. Malleus
Term
What does the stapes attach to?
Definition
The oval window
Term
Where is the incus located?
Definition
In between the stapes and the malleus
Term
What does the malleus attach to?
Definition
The Tympanic membrane
Term
The inner ear is a delicate structure filled with fluid, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
What does the inner ear consist of?
Definition
The bony labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth
Term
What is the membranous labyrinth?
Definition
A delicate continuous membrane suspended within the bony labyrinth
Term
What three things does the bony labyrinth consist of?
Definition
The cochlea
The vestibule
The semi-circular canals
Term
What type of fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with?
Definition
Perilymph
Term
What type of fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
Definition
Endolymph
Term
What links the bony labyrinth to the middle ear?
Definition
Round window
Oval window
Term
What does the membranous labyrinth structure contain that respond to sound and movement?
Definition
Hair like sensory receptor cells
Term
What does the membranous cochlea house?
Definition
Sensory receptor cells which form the organ of corti which detects sound
Term
What moves the small hairs in the organ of corti which are then converted into nervous impulses to be interpreted?
Definition
Vibrations from the ossicles and oval window causes waves in the fluid in the cochlea which moves the hairs
Term
What two sac like structures make up the membranous vestibule?
Definition
Utricule
Saccule
Term
What do the saccule and the utricule connect?
Definition
Cochlea to the semi circular canals
Term
What do the saccule and utricule contain areas of?
Definition
Maculaes surrounded by endolymph
Term
What are the main purpose of the maculaes in the saccule and utricule?
Definition
To maintain balance when the animal is standing still
Term
Describe how the body maintains static balance
Definition
When the animal is standing still the head makes small movements to adjust the bodies position, the pull of gravity moves the endolymph whoch moves the sensory hairs which transmit nerve impluses to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
How many membranous semi circular canals are there?
Definition
3 filled with endolymph
Term
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
Definition
To maintain balance when moving
Term
What are the swollen bases at the end of the membranous semicircular canals called?
Definition
Ampulla
Term
What is contained within the ampulla?
Definition
sensory hair cells and endolymph
Term
Describe how the body maintains balance when moving?
Definition
when the body moves the endolymph causes distorsion to the hair cells which then send messages to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
What receptors are found in the eye?
Definition
Photoreceptors
Term
What structure does the eye sit in?
Definition
The Orbit
Term
What are the three layers which make up the eyeball?
Definition
1. Sclera/Cornea (outer protective layer)
2. Uvea (middle vascular layer)
3. Retina (inner nervous layer)
Term
What is the Sclera, made out of?
Definition
Dense connective tissue
Term
What is the function of the Sclera?
Definition
To maintain the shape of the eye and protect internal structures
Term
What structure of the eye has a poor blood supply but is well supplied with sensory nerve fibres?
Definition
The Cornea
Term
What is the function of the Cornea?
Definition
As it is the first part of the eye to be hit by rays of light, its function is to start focusing these rays of light onto the retina at the back of the eye
Term
What is the junction called where the cornea meets the sclera?
Definition
Limbus
Term
What is the Limbus?
Definition
The drainage point for aqueous humour
Term
What are the three structures which make up the middle eye?
Definition
1) Choroid
2) Ciliary Body
3) Iris
Term
Where does the choroid lie?
Definition
In between the Retina and Sclera
Term
What does the Choroid contain?
Definition
Blood Vessels which supply all the internal structures of the eyeball
Term
What is the inner reflective layer called which is found in the choroid?
Definition
Tapetum Lucidum
Term
What is the function of the Tapetum Lucidum?
Definition
To improve night vision by reflecting light back into the eye
Term
What is the Ciliary Body and which direction do they point?
Definition
They are thickened structure which points towards the centre of the eye
Term
What controls the thickness and shape of the ciliary body?
Definition
Smooth muscle fibres
Term
What structure continuing from the ciliary body holds the lens in place?
Definition
Suspensory Ligaments
Term
What is the name of the fluid which the ciliary body produces?
Definition
Aqueous Humour
Term
What are the two cavities of the eye?
Definition
1) Anterior Chamber
2) Posterior Chamber
Term
What is the division between the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber?
Definition
The lens
Term
What is the function of the Anterior chamber?
Definition
To maintain pressure within the eye
Term
What is contained within the anterior chamber?
Definition
Aqueous Humour
Term
Where can the posterior cavity be found?
Definition
Inbetween the lens and retina
Term
What fills the posterior cavity?
Definition
Vitreous Humour
Term
What is the function of the Vitreous Humour?
Definition
Provides nutrients
Shapes the Eye
Term
What is a continuation of the ciliary body?
Definition
The Iris
Term
What do the free edges of the ciliary body form?
Definition
The Pupil
Term
What are the names of the muscles within the Iris and what are their functions?
Definition
Circular Muscle
Radial Muscle
Change the shape of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye
Term
Which type of cell gathers information from the photoreceptor cells?
Definition
Bipolar Receptor Cells
Term
Which cells transmit the impulse from the bipolar receptors to the optic nerves?
Definition
Ganglion Cells
Term
What are the two types of photoreceptors?
Definition
Rods
Cones
Term
What are the rods for?
Definition
To provide night vision, are sensitive to light but not colour
Term
What are the cones for?
Definition
These respond to detailed colour vision
Term
What percentage of cones and rods do dogs and cats have?
Definition
95% rods and 5% cones
Term
What is the term for the area of the retina which can the highest concentration of cones?
Definition
Fovea
Term
What is a "blind spot"?
Definition
An area of the retina which has no receptor cells (where the optic nerve leaves the eye)
Term
What is the correct term for the eyelids?
Definition
Palpebrae
Term
What is the name for where the upper and lower lids join?
Definition
Medial canthus
Lateral canthus
Term
What glands are along the edges of each lids?
Definition
Meibomian Glands (Tarsal Glands)
Term
What is the function of the meibomian glands?
Definition
To protect and lubricate the inner surface
Term
What is the inner protective structure which surrounds the eye?
Definition
Conjunctiva
Term
What lies in the medial canthus?
Definition
Nictitating Membrane (Third Eyelid)
Term
What is the nictitating membrane?
Definition
A plate of cartilage and smooth muscle supplied with glandular and lymphoid tissue to protect the eye and keep it moist
Term
Which gland is behind the third eye lid?
Definition
Harderian Gland
Term
What does the Harderian Gland secrete?
Definition
Waxy portion of the tear film
Term
What gland is beneath the upper eyelid?
Definition
Lacrimal Gland
Term
What does the Lacrimal Glands produce?
Definition
Tears
Term
What two openings in the medial canthus do the tears drain into?
Definition
Lacrimal Puncta leading to the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo
Term
Where do the Lacrimal Puncta and the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo lead to?
Definition
The nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
Term
What is the term for extra eyelashes along the margin of the eye?
Definition
Distichiasis
Term
What is the term for when the eyelid turns in towards the eyeball?
Definition
Entropion
Term
What is the term for when the lower eyelid falls away from the eye?
Definition
Ectropion
Term
What are Cataracts?
Definition
Opacity within the lens caused by diabetes, chemical irritation, ulceration and scarring, can be normal in older dogs and is called nuclear sclerosis
Term
What Glaucoma?
Definition
Increased Ocular Pressure
Term
How do you measure the degree of Glaucoma?
Definition
Tonometer
Term
What is conjunctivitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
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