Term
| What is the homolog for the PLL at Co1? |
|
Definition
| Deep Dorsal Sacrococcygeal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the homolog for the ALL at Co1 |
|
Definition
| Ventral Sacrococcygeal Ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at Co1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2? |
|
Definition
| the subdental synchondrosis (a amphiarthrosis synchondrosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a basilar impression? |
|
Definition
| Persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1? |
|
Definition
| Males are 2 to 3 times more affected |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1? |
|
Definition
| the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala. |
|
|
Term
| What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve? |
|
Definition
Centers for vision and equalibrium apear in the brain,
Musculature attaching the skull,
cervical region, and upper thorax together develop,
The head is held upright,
The intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve? |
|
Definition
Crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward,
Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars,
Intervertebral disc height will become greater compared to posterior,
Walking will further promote muxcle and intervertebral disc developement |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness? |
|
Definition
| a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination |
|
|
Term
| What names are given to conditions associated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
lordosis
kyphosis
scoliosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the curve classifications for military neck? |
|
Definition
| a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve |
|
|
Term
| What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback? |
|
Definition
| a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve? |
|
|
Term
| What are the curve classifications for swayback? |
|
Definition
| A lordosis or hyperlordotic curve |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society? |
|
Definition
| Magnitude Location Direction Etiology Structural/Non-Structural |
|
|
Term
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis. |
|
Definition
| L thoracic, Male, less than 1% incidence |
|
|
Term
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. |
|
Definition
| R thoracic, Female over 6 years, 12-21% incidence |
|
|
Term
| Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. |
|
Definition
| R Thoracic or R thoracic and L lumbar, females, 80% incidence. |
|
|
Term
| Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion? |
|
Definition
| Iliocostalis Lumborum pars Lumborum |
|
|
Term
| Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion? |
|
Definition
| Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum |
|
|
Term
| Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement. |
|
|
Term
| Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin-insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull? |
|
Definition
| Obliquus Capitis Inferior |
|
|
Term
| What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group? |
|
Definition
| Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints. |
|
|
Term
| Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis? |
|
Definition
| Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture. |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii? |
|
Definition
accessory process of transverse process L1-L4
Mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4 |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the Psoas Major? |
|
Definition
Vertebral Bodies T12, L1-L5, S1
Transverse Process L1-L5 |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic morphologies of neurons? |
|
Definition
| unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
| Nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa's ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
| any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of multipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
| 1. Stellate neurons 2. The motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord 3. Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex 4. Projection neurons or Golgi type I Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. 5. Local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings? |
|
Definition
Functional specificity
Distribution-function
Structure or morphology |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors monitor? |
|
Definition
Hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels
Hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels
Elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH. |
|
|
Term
| What is the site or location for chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do baroreceptors monitor? |
|
Definition
| they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending. |
|
|
Term
| What is the site or location for baroreceptors? |
|
Definition
| specialized vascular sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| rod and cone cells of the retina |
|
|
Term
| What are the types and examples of exteroceptors? |
|
Definition
A) General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings, and epidermal endings.
B) Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste. |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of proprioceptors? |
|
Definition
| Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, Inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of sensory receptor endings based on morphology? |
|
Definition
| Free nerve endings, Epidermal nerve endings, and encapsulated nerve endings. |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings? |
|
Definition
| Palisade nerve endings, Merkel cell endings, and Ruffini corpuscles/nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings? |
|
Definition
| Tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles, neurotendinous endings, and Type II slowly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors? |
|
Definition
Tactile corpuscles or Meisner's corpuscles
and Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion. |
|
Definition
| Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses; motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses |
|
|
Term
| Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve
Cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve
Cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve
Cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Muscle derived from branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
C.N. V or Trigeminal Nerve
C.N. VII or Facial Nerve
C.N. IX or Glossopharyngeal Nerve
C.N. X or Vagus Nerve
C.N. XI or Spinal Accessory Nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the ultimate target cells of efferent pathways? |
|
Definition
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle fibers
Glandular tissue
Specialized cell types |
|
|
Term
| What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve sysstem? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric |
|
|
Term
| What is the location for the secondary sympathetic effferent neuron cell body |
|
Definition
| a prevertebral or paravertebral ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway? |
|
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short;
Postganglionic syympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long |
|
|
Term
| Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
C.N. III (Oculomotor)
C.N. VII (Facial)
C.N. IX (glossopharyngeal)
C.N. X (Vagus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the parasympathetic system based on locations of origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the comparative length of axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways? |
|
Definition
Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to, and neuroactive substance associated with, postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
Cholinergic fibers
Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What specific types of efferent neurons are located in cranial nuclei of origin? |
|
Definition
| Somatic motor neurons and primary parasympathetic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to each region in the central nerve system where somatic and visceral efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located? |
|
Definition
somatic efferent neurons - ventral horn
visceral efferent neurons - lateral horn
Intermediolateral cell column
Rexed lamina 7 |
|
|
Term
| What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain? |
|
Definition
| somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
| What do somatic afferents monitor? |
|
Definition
| pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What do special visceral afferents monitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the true olfactory nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cone cell? |
|
Definition
| provide vision in bright conditions and mediate color vision. |
|
|
Term
| What forms the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location? |
|
Definition
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the exit from the cranial vault for the third cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
superior orbital fissure
sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball:
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle of eyelid |
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic eye muscles:
Sphincter pupillae
Ciliaris |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch? |
|
Definition
| Ophthalmic division of trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| Typically, primary afferent neurons of the third cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus? |
|
Definition
| spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons? |
|
Definition
| mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
It is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain.
It is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate |
|
|
Term
| The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle (s)? |
|
Definition
| superior oblique (extrinsic muscle of eye) |
|
|
Term
| Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure? |
|
Definition
| the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Typically, primary afferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the _____. |
|
Definition
| Great sensory nerve of the face |
|
|
Term
| What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
Ophthalmic nerve: Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary nerve: Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular Nerve: Foramen Ovale |
|
|
Term
| What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault? |
|
Definition
Ophthalmic nerve: orbit
Maxillary nerve: pterygopalatine region
Mandibular nerve: infratemporal region |
|
|
Term
| The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location? |
|
Definition
Mainly in the principal sensory nucleus;
some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis Masseter Medial Pterygoid Mylohyoid Anterior Belly of the Digastric Tensor Tympani Tensor Veli Palatini |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)? |
|
Definition
| lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye |
|
|
Term
| Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the ____ |
|
Definition
| Great motor nerve of the face |
|
|
Term
| What names are given to the afferent root of the seventh cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
Nervus Intermedius
the nerve of Wrisberg |
|
|
Term
| What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
Branchial efferent
Visceral efferent
Somatic afferent
special visceral afferent |
|
|
Term
| Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Into what region of the head will the stylomastoid foramen open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles? |
|
Definition
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the scalp and auricle
the Buccinator
Platysma
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve? |
|
Definition
Nervus Intermedius AKA
Nerve of Wrisberg AKA
Sensory root of Facial Nerve |
|
|
Term
| Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland? |
|
Definition
| Greater Petrosal or Greater superficial petrosal nerve |
|
|
Term
| The continuation of the great petrosal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa by what opening? |
|
Definition
| Vidian Canal/Pterygoid Canal of Sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| Whatare the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland? |
|
Definition
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Sphenopalatine ganglion
Meckel's ganglion |
|
|
Term
| The maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve enters the orbit via which opening? |
|
Definition
| The Inferior Orbital Fissure |
|
|
Term
| Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening? |
|
Definition
| the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| The chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve? |
|
Definition
| The lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal. |
|
|
Term
| In general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus? |
|
Definition
| The spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleus of termination for the central sensory processess from pseudounipolar neurons in the geniculate ganglion which are associated with taste? |
|
Definition
| Gustatory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the vestibular apparatus? |
|
Definition
The saccule
The utricle
The semicircular ducts |
|
|
Term
| In what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified? |
|
Definition
The macula of the saccule
The macula of the utricle
The crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular duct |
|
|
Term
| What is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| stereocilia and a single kinocilium |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Scarpa's Ganglion or the Vestibular Ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Receptor cells associated with hearing are observed in what structure? |
|
Definition
| The organ of Corti located in the cochlear duct or scala media. |
|
|
Term
| What is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing? |
|
Definition
| the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion |
|
|
Term
| The ninth cranial has an apparent origin from what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classifications of fibers are conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
branchial efferent fibers
visceral efferent fibers
somatic afferent fibers
visceral afferent fibers
special visceral afferent fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the branchial motor nucleus of the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Inferior salivatory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic nerve AKA nerve of Jacobson |
|
|
Term
| Within the temporal bone, preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth craniial nerve will ultimately form what nerve? |
|
Definition
| the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Otic ganglion or Arnold's ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic/Arnold's ganglion will communicate with what other cranial nerve branch? |
|
Definition
| The auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells, in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus |
|
|
Term
| Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation are located in which ganglion? |
|
Definition
Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
AKA
Petrosal Ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral sensory processes from the postsulcal (posterior one third) tongue are conveyed in which cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| The Glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| The tenth cranial nerve originates from what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)? |
|
Definition
Muscles of the soft palate
Constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Cricothyroid muscles
Palatoglossus |
|
|
Term
| Where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse? |
|
Definition
| intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
aortic body/glomus
aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| Where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated withh taste sensation from the epiglottis located? |
|
Definition
the nodose ganglion
AKA
the inferior vagal ganglion |
|
|
