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The market in which the products offered to its buyers are sport, fitness, recreation, or leisure-related and may be activities, goods, services, people, places, or ideas. |
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-Any act that violates an activity's norms -Sports Norms vs Societal Norms |
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Unique Aspects of Sport Administration |
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-Marketing -Financing -Career Paths -Customer Base -Participants -Value |
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Socio-cultural methods used to understand sport behavior |
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-Surveys -Interviews -Observational Studies |
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-Entertainment -Art form -Recreation -Education -Political tool |
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-Verbal -Non-Verbal -Mass Media |
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Flow types -Downward -Upward -Lateral |
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-Print Media -Newspapers -Radio -Television -Internet |
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PLANNING: Identifying goals, establishing objectives, and implementing action plans within organizational constraints ORGANIZATION: Delegating tasks to individuals and work groups DIRECTION: Motivating and leading employees toward the achievement of organizational goals MONITORING: Measuring the performance of employees and work groups against established standards |
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Three Phases of Monitoring |
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PRELIMINARY: Screening process prior to any hiring or assigning a task to an employee CONCURRENT: Evaluation of employee performance at different points during the completion of a task FEEDBACK: Evaluation of employee performance after the completion of the task |
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Single most important management function |
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Routine vs Complex Decisions |
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Routine: -Clear decision criteria -Repetitive in nature -Application of established rules Complex: -Complicated decision criteria -Difficult to clearly frame -Lack of established rules and policies |
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Rational Decision-Making Model |
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Define the Problem -> Generate Alternatives --> Evaluate Alternatives ---> Select Best Alternative ----> Evaluate Decision |
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-Idealized influence -Inspiration motivation -Intellectual stimulation -Individualized consideration |
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SOCIAL: examine social ramifications of a decision LEGAL: violations of laws or organizational policies ECONOMIC: economic considerations for different groups ETHICAL: most complex and challenging for sport managers, not clearly defined POLITICAL: effect on groups that can exert influence and power EDUCATIONAL: consideration in education |
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Autocratic I: No employee input Autocratic II: Individual employee input Consultative I: Info shared with employees Consultative II: Shares with employees in a group setting Group II: Group discussion-style decision making |
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-Legitimate Power -Expert Power -Reward Power -Referent Power -Coercive Power |
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The process by which an individual influences others in ways that help attain group or organizational goals |
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Leadership: focused more on human and conceptual skills Management: more closely attuned to technical skills |
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The dynamic study of collective human behavior |
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How much more you have to spend to get more of what you want without worrying about what you already have spent |
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Supply: amount of product a company wishes to sell Demand: amount a product people wish to consume |
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Net economic change in a host community that results from spending attributed to a sporting event or facility |
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Primary Sources of Revenue |
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-Ticket Sales -Sponsorship -Luxury Suites -Media Revenue -Licensing and Merchandising -Concessions and Parking |
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Activities designed to meet the wants and needs of sport consumers through an exchange process |
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-Product -Price -Place -Promotion |
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Primary Benefits of Sponsorship |
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-Generate brand awareness -Image enhancement -Product trials -Sales opportunity -Hospitality -Trade relations |
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Facility and Event Management |
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a coordinated and integrated process of utilizing an organization's resources to achieve specific goals and objectives |
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-High profitability -Raise money for a cause -Improve organizational image and visibility |
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Components of Event Management |
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-Effective booking and scheduling -Financial management -Risk management -Crowd control management -Retail sales -Human resources |
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a tool to assist managers in providing patrons with a safe environment |
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-Establishes a baseline management for continued improvement and success -Must be in place before the event for better evaluation |
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Sport Law is Necessary as it Resolves Conflict Between: |
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-People -Individuals and Society -Conflict created by our different philosophies |
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A standard set to help prevent future occurences of a problem |
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3 ways to resolve conflict |
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-Negotiation -Alternative dispute resolution -Litigation |
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Recreational Use Statutes |
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Protect owners and operators of recreational facilities |
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the failure to exercise ordinary care by acting differently than a person of ordinary prudence |
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A person who places a defective product into use is liable for the harm it causes |
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Ethics: set of principles used to determine right vs wrong Morals: fundamental values that dictate appropriate behavior |
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Teleology: consequences of an action Deontology: based on absolute rules of moral behavior |
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Keys to Effective Communication |
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-Effective planning -Integrity of the message -Medium of transfer -Type of information |
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Arizona Sports Summit Accord Principles |
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-Fairness -Responsibility -Respect -Trustworthiness -Caring -Good Citizenship |
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Moral Development vs Moral Reasoning vs Moral Behavior |
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Development: process of growth in which a person's capacity to reason morally is developed through cognitive maturation and experience Reasoning: Decision process in which an individual determines whether an action is right or wrong Behavior: Execution of an act deemed right or wrong |
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Corporate Social Responsibility |
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-Economic -Legal -Ethical -Philanthropic |
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Levels of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
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I- Preconventional II- Conventional III- Postconventional |
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Preconventional level of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
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Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality Stage 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange |
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Conventional level of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
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Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relations, and Interpersonal Conformity Stage 4: Social System and Conscience |
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Postconventional level of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
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Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles |
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Purpose of Arizona Sports Summit Accord |
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To encourage greater emphasis on the character-building aspects of athletic competition |
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