Term
| How to name the difference between true & calculated zenith distance and altitude |
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Definition
True Tiny Towards zenith distance
True Tiny Away for altitude |
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Term
| When planning to take a celestia' sight what do we need? |
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Definition
- We need to be able to see the body, The body maybe obscured by cloud, There may be to much background light;
- Have a clear horizon above which to measure altitude, There maybe too much or too little back ground light to see, the horizon maybe obscured by fog, haze, rain or drizzle there may not be a horizon due to calm sea. |
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Term
| What can be done to assist in the identification of celestial bodies and help reduce time between observations? |
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Definition
- Make a general sketch of the approximate altitudes and bearings of the chosen stars relative to the ships head, for identification. A sextant can be set to the star for detection.
- Make a note of the weather and the direction in which the horizon is likely to be clearest.
- Care needs to be exercised while taking observations in order to make sure use of the clearest horizon.
- Start taking sights from East to west. In the morning the eastern sky will fade away first and in th evening, the western horizon will become indistinct first.
- Observe stars as early as possible in the evening twilight and as late as possible in morning twilight to make use of the clearest horizon.
- In the evening start with the brightest star, as you will see it first and best. |
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Term
| List the general precautions for a sight taken at any time of day |
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Definition
- In clear weather take observations from the highest convenient position to take advantage of the clear distant horizon. This avoids error caused by high waves obscuring the horizon and parallax.
- Always swing sextant a few degrees either side of the vertical plane. Make adjustments using the micrometer until it touches the horizon.
- Check sextant for P,S & I before sights
- When observing the sunrise use shades to avoid dazzling.
- If the identity of a body is uncertain after taking altitude, take its bearing.
- When ships rolling heavily, observation should be taken as close to the centreline as possible, to minimise errors due to changing Dip.
- Put sextant outside for 15 minutes before taking the sight this prevents condensation forming as it would when being taken from air conditioned bridge to warm humid bridge wing. |
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Term
| List the general precautions for taking a sight at any time of day |
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Definition
-In clear weather the sight should be taken from the highest convenient position, to take advantage of the clear distant horizon. This also avoid errors caused by high waves obscuring the horizon and parallax.
-Always swing the sextant a few degrees either side of the vertical plane make adjustments using the micrometer until it touches the horizon.
-Check sextant for P,S & I before sights.
-When observing the sun use shades to reduce dazzling.
-If the identity of a body is uncertain after taking the altitude, take its bearing.
-When ships rolling heavily, observations should be taken as close to the centreline of the vessel as possible to minimise errors due to changing Dip.
-In warmer climates put the sextant outside 15 mind prior to taking sight this prevents condensation forming when moving from air conditioned bridge to warm humid bridge wing. |
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Term
| How to name the difference between the true & calculated zenith distance and Altitude. |
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Definition
True Tiny Towards for Zenith distance
True Tiny Away for altitude |
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Term
| What is the most effective period for observing stars? |
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Definition
| In general the most effective period for observing stars and planets occurs when the centre of the sun is between about 9° and 12°below the celestial horizon. Hence, the darker limit of civil twilight occurs at about the mid point of this period at the darker limit of nautical twilight, the horizon is generally too dark for good observations. |
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Term
| Name the 3 categories into which plotting errors are divided? |
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Definition
Systematic errors
Errors which are inherent to a particular system of a fixed nature, always applied in the same way, and which can be predicted and allowed for, e.g. A scale incorrectly graduated will cause all measurements made by that scale to have the same error. Others, such as sextant error may be applied incorrectly to all sights would be a systematic error.
Random errors
Errors which are unpredictable to their size or sign, or even their existence, are known as variable or random errors, and cannot be correct for within the system. Their effect can only be estimated - e.g. human error, variable refraction, atmospheric interference and radio navigation aids used near sunset.
Blunders
Huge errors which invalidate data. |
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Term
| 3 basic steps in Celestial questions |
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Definition
1. Identify the correct time
2. Locate position of the body (hour angle and declinatiom)
3. Use the above data to calculate our position or azimuth / amplitude. |
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Term
| Sunrise rendezvous methodology |
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Definition
Stage 1
- From almanac determine time of sunrise for the vessel maintaining course and speed. NB this local time for the observers latitude apply Longitude in time to give the UT.
- Initially we do know what will be the vessels position at sunrise and consequently the time of sunrise.
- We run from the vessels start position to time of sunrise to calculate R1.
Stage 2
- Recalculate the time of sunrise for position R1.
- We then run fro, the start position to 2nd sunrise R2.
-Finally calculate the course and speed for the other vessel from original position to R2. |
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Term
| What are the causes of tides? |
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Definition
There are two main causes of tides:
● Gravitational forces of the moo and the k sun on the earth
● Centrifugal forces on the earth caused by the revolution of earth about common centres of gravity of the earth - moon and earth - sun systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the moon is in conjunction or in opposition with the sun, ie. Twice very lunar month @ new moon or full moon, the lunar and solar tidal forces are in line and this causes high tides higher than average and low tides lower than average. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the moon is in quadrature with the sun ie. Twice every lunar month @ 1st quarter or 3rd quarter, the lunar and solar forces are at right angles and this causes high tides lower than average and low tides higher than average. |
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Term
| Other factors that have an effect on tides |
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Definition
●Barometric pressure;
- The sailing directions give the average barometric pressure for various areas and if the actual pressure is less than this the sea level will tend to be higher.
-When pressure is greater than the average sea level will tend to be lower.
-Variance of up to 0.3m has been recorded.
●Wind;
-An onshore wind will pile the water against the coast.
An Offshore wind will push the water away from the coast.
-Winds Blowing along the coast will set up long waves (Storm Surges) which will raise or lower depending on the the crest or trough. |
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Term
| Designation of the on - scene coordinator |
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Definition
The SMC usually designates the OSC, who may be the person in charge of:
● A search and rescue unit, ship or aircraft participating in the search
● A nearby facility in a position to handle OSC duties.
● If it is not practicable, or not yet done, units involved should designate an OSC by mutual agreement.
●Until an OSC is designated, the person in charge of the first unit at the scene should normally assume the OSC role. |
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Term
| What are the main responsibilities of the SMC? |
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Definition
● Gather information about distress situations
● Develop an accurate and workable search and rescue action plans
● Dispatch and coordinate the resources to carry out search and rescue missions |
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Term
| The three general levels search and rescue co - ordination? |
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Definition
● Search & rescue coordinators (SC).
● Search & Rescue mission coordinator (SMC).
● On science coordinator (OSC). |
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Term
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Definition
●Sailing plan report - sent days or weeks prior to departure, should contain; vessels name, call sign, time of departure, port of departure, port of destination, proposed routeing track and any special resources on board.
●Position report- This report should be sent within 24 hours of departure and every 48 hours after that, should contain; vessels name, call sign, time and position, port of destination and ETA. In addition; speed present course and any other relevant information.
● Arrival report- This is usually sent on arrival, position or port and the time of arrival
● Deviation report - This is used to inform AMVER of any changes to the passage plan, it contains details of new track, course and any speed changes and revised ETA. |
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Term
| Equipment needed on board to comply with the requirements of GMDSS? |
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Definition
●VHF radio trance er with DSC on channel 70 and radio telephony on channels 6, 13, and 16.
● A radio receiver capable of continuous DSC watch on channel 70
● A search and rescue radar transponder operating in the 9 GHz, ships over 500 GT must carry 2.
● A satellite emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) Which can be manually activated and float free self activation.
● 2 Two -Way hand held VHF radios, ships greater than 500 GT and all passenger vessels must carry at least 3.
● A receiver with the capability to access navtex broadcasts, where ever the navtex service is available.
●Receiver Equipment with capability of receiving safety NET where Navtex service is not available. |
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Term
| Detail the information that can be found on a routeing guide? |
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Definition
1. Passage planning using this guide
2. Routeing: routeing: general rules & recommendation
3. Routeing: special rules & recommendations
4. Passage planning special classes of vessels
5. Oil and dangerous cargoes: Marine Pollution
6. Radio reporting systems applying to through traffic
7. Reporting to a port of destination in the area
8. Maritime radio services
9. Pilot services
10. Tidal information & services |
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Term
| List the contents of weekly admiralty notices to mariners? |
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Definition
I. Explanatory notices
II. Admiralty notices to mariners - updates to standard navigational charts.
III. Reprints of navarea 1 navigational warnings
IV. Updates to admiralty sailing directions
V. Updates to admiralty list of light and fog signals
VI. Updates to admiralty list of radio signals
VII. Updates to miscellaneous admiralty nautical publications.
VIII. Updates to admiralty digital products and services. |
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Term
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Definition
▪ The commence search point is where the search unit enters the area.
▪ Sectors are marked from the datum as 1st, 2nd and 3rd and the course alterations are 120.
▪ After initial search, the pattern is orientated 30° in the direction of the turn. |
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Term
| The cosine formula for the CZX? |
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Definition
| Cos ZX= (Cos LHA × Sin PZ × Sin PX) × (Cos PZ × Cos PX) |
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Term
| List the factors to be taken into account when planning a landfall after a long passage? |
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Definition
- Select a land fall clear of navigational hazards.
- Availability of a large scale chart.
- Position clearly identifyable on chart.
- Position clear of TSS and Precautionary areas.
- Position clearly identifyable by radar.
- Position determined with prominent headland or navigational marks.
- Suitable lights or radio beacons for night arrival.
- Sufficient depth of water allowing for squat and swell.
- Position not affected by heavy traffic or fishing boats
- Position not affected by poor visibility.
- Position not affected by stong currents. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of AMVER? |
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Definition
- Maximise efficiency in co-ordinating assistance in the case of search and rescue incidents.
- Have Knowledge of the routes being followed and the position of both assisting and vessels that require assistance.
- Minimise the Time between the incident and the initiation and the initiation of search and rescue.
Make best use of all available resources:
- Vessel availability.
- Medical facilities
- Onboard Resource
- Vessel Detail
- The potential of early arrival on scene. |
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Term
Factors to be taken into account when Planning a sight?
(Star Selection) |
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Definition
- Using a star chart or globe, The stars & planets to be used should be determined.
- 3 or more stores and/or planets should be selected. In case or partly cloudy an additional 4 standby stars / planets.
- The stars / planets selected should give the best cuts for position lines. At least two should be about 90 degrees apart within an azimuth. In general the bodies should never be less than 30 degrees apart in azimuth.
- The best combo is 4 stars, 90 degrees apart within an azimuth. These combo will have stars. on opposite horizons, or all round the horizon. Opposite horizons will eliminate any abnormal refraction error.
- Choosing stars between 20 and 70 degrees in altitude, through 30-60 degrees would be better. Preferably, all stars should be the same altitude expecially those on opposite horizons to each other. The refraction is in layers and, if the stars happen to be within similar layers to each other, abnormal refraction can be cancelled out. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Determine the approx UT ( time of civil twilight & LIT + West, - East).
2. Calculate correct UT ( Using the Chronometer).
3. Obtain the LHA of Aries.
4. Correct the sextant alt for IE, Dip & refraction ( Total Correction Starts & Planets).
5. Enter Polaris Tables ( Follow the instructions given).
6. Extract Azimuth and calculate P/L Azimuth +/- 90 Degrees. |
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Term
| Benefits of Meridian passage |
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Definition
- Observing the altitude ( with a Sextant) at meridian passage provides a quick and easy method of obtaining a position line.
- As the bearing of the body is either due North or South Then the position line will run east or west direction.
- This same position line in effect becomes the observers latitude. |
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Term
| How to apply Longitude for celestial questions? |
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Definition
Can be found on page 254.
LHA = GHA - West/+ East Longitude
GHA Star = GHA Aries + SHA of Star. |
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Term
| Purpose of ship Movement Reporting Systems |
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Definition
| Ship movement reporting schemes operate in many areas of the world with different objectives. In some areas the main purpose it to enhance safety of navigation, For Example MAREP in the english channel which is operated jointly by British and French administrations. An other similar service is in the river St. Lawrence, operated by the canadian administration details are available in ALRS Volume 6. |
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Term
| What Factors must be taken into acount during passage planning when selecting an optimum route? |
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Definition
Climatic/ Operational
- Delays or damage due to adverse weather and sea conditions.
- Adverse or favourable currents and strength of current.
- Encountering fog or ice (Is the V/L Ice strengthened).
- Recommendations in Ocean Passages to the World.
- Type of ship, state of loading nature of cargo.
Commercial
- Instructions from owners or terms of charter party.
- Distance on each route under consideration.
- Estimated voyage time & Fuel consumption.
- Time saving/ Delay & costs if canal transit.
- Load line rules zones i.e. Taking extra cargo or shiutting out
- Use of shore routeing advice/ cost of service.
Some may conflict, the Master should always put safety 1st. |
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Term
| Bridge Manning & Duties - TSS in Fog |
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Definition
- Master; In overall command - Master will take the con for heavy areas of traffic. - Helm orders, collision avoidance and speed changes.
- OOW; Position fixing and monitoring UKC and Both Internal and external communications.
- Helmsman
- Look out
- Engine Room manned.
- In exceptional conditions a 2nd OOW |
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Term
| Outline the Precautions to be taken when navigating in the vicinity of offshore installations. |
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Definition
1. Navigate with caution, giving due consideration to safe speed and safe passing distances taking into account the prevailing weather conditions and the presence of other vessels or dangers;
2. Where appropriate, take early and substantial action when approaching such installation or structure to facilitate the installations or structures awarenessof the vessels closest point of approachand provide information on any possible safety concerns, particularly where the offshore structure or installation may be used as an aid to navigation.
3. Use any routeing established in the area.
4. Maintain a continuous listening watch on the bridge on VHF Channel 16 or any other appropriate radio frequencies when navigating in the vicinity of offshore installations or structures, VTS and other vessels so that any uncertainty as to a vessel maintaining an adequate passing distance from the installation or structures can be alleviated. |
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Term
| Familiarisation of bridge equipment. |
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Definition
- Bridge and deck lighting + Emergency supply.
- Navigation Lights and signalling equipment.
- Sound signalling apparatus.
- LSA Including EPIRB, SART and Fire fighting and detection.
- Internal & External Communications.
- Radar's, ARPA's, ECDIS and IBS If fitted.
- Echo sounders and Speed Logs
- Magnetic Compass, Gyros, Gyro Repeaters, Auto-pilot and steering Gear.
Including Emergency change over equipment. |
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Term
| Aide to Memory For Final & Initial Course |
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Definition
Initial Course - Has the same name as the elevated pole, D'long east or west.
Final Course - Has the name of the opposite Pole, D'Long east or west. |
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Term
| Factors to be considered in deciding underkeel clearance |
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Definition
- Uncertainties in charted depth or change from previous survey.
- Uncertainties in vessel draught, especially after a long passage.
- Squat at a given speed
- Risk of negative tidal surges
- The vessels course relative to the prevailing weather. This will have to be considered separately for each leg of the passage.
- The vessels movment in Heavy weather. Pitching, Heaving and rolling of the vessel will signifigantly.
- Areas of offshore exploration. Pipelines & other Subsea Structures can reduce UKC.
- Areas of changing Bottom
- Areas of volcanic activity.
- Lack of availability of tidal predictions in areas, especially in offshore areas.
- The Extent or type of Survey.
- Barometric Pressure/ Wind.
- New dangers, Delays in the mariner recieving Information. |
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Term
| Principles of Safe manning |
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Definition
Capacity To:
- Maintain safe navigational, engineering and radio watches as per STCW.
- Moor and unmoor the ship safely.
- Manage Safety fucntions of the ship when stationary or near stationary mode at sea.
- Perform Operations for the prevention of damage to the marine environment.
- Maintain safety arrangements & Cleanliness of all accessible place to minimise fire risk.
- Provide Medical Care Onboard.
- Ensure safe carriage of cargo during the transit.
- Inspect & Maintain, as appropriate the structural integrity of the ship.
- Operate & maintain, watertight doors.
- Operate & Maintain All FFA & LSA.
- Operate & Maintain propulsion & Auxiliary to Overcome all perils. |
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Term
| What if the purpose of ships routeing? |
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Definition
| The Purpose of ships routeing is to improve safety of navigation in converging areas and in areas where traffic density is great or where freedom of movement of shipping is inhibited by searoom, the existence of obstructions to navigation, limited depths or unfavourable meteorological conditions. |
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Term
| List the Objective of IMO Ships routeing. |
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Definition
1. The Separation of opposing streams of traffic so as to reduce the incidence of head on encounters.
2. The Reduction of dangers of collision between crossing traffic and traffic in established traffic lanes.
3. The simplification of the patterns of traffic flow in converging areas.
4. The organization of the safe traffic flow in areas of concentrated offshore exploration or exploitation.
5. The Organisation of traffic flow in or around areas of where navigation by all ships or by ships of certain classes of ship is dangerous or undesirable.
6. The Reduction of risk of grounding by providing special guidance to vessels in areas where water depths are uncertain or critical.
7. The guidance of traffic clear of fishing grounds or the organisation of traffic through fishing grounds. |
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Term
| Hierachy of legislative bodies and guidance. |
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Definition
- IMO
- SOLAS CH 5 + STCW
- Statutory Instruments ( UK LAw Called SI's)
- MCA (M Notices)
- Company ISM Bridge Procedures.
- Masters Standing Orders.
- Masters Night Orders (Bridge Order Book).
- Masters Verbal Orders. |
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Term
| Outline companies responsibility under ISM. |
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Definition
- Issue specific instructions. (SMS)
- Ensure suitable training of all personnel.
- Produce Standardisation.
- Provide Support to Master & Crew. |
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Term
| Bridge Watch organsation under STCW 10 Chapter 8 Masters Responsibilities. |
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Definition
- The Master of every ship is bound to ensure that watchkeeping arrangements are adequate for maintaining a sfae navigational or cargo watch.
- Under the masters general direction; the officers of the navigational watch are responsible for the navigating the ship safely during thier periods of duty, when they will be particularly concerned with avoiding collision and stranding. |
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Term
| How the Master complies with his responsibility to issue clear orders? |
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Definition
- Company ISM Bridge procedures.
- Masters Standing Order.
- Masters Night Orders.
- Passage plan.
- Pre Departure Navigation meeting.
- Table Top Discussions. |
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Term
| When Should the OOW Call the Master? |
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Definition
- In accordance with his standing orders
- In accordance with his night orders
- If the vessel encounters restricted visibility
- If the vessel encounters heavy traffic.
- Failure to make a landfall or not sure of position.
- If vessel encounters heavy weather.
- If any security issues arise.
- Failure of any navigational equipment, propulsion, machinery and steering gear.
- Reciept of a distress.
- When In doubt. |
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Term
| Outline the Duties if OOW When master in the Bridge? |
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Definition
- The OOW Will continue to be responsible for the watch.
- Despite presence of Master on the bridge.
- Until Informed specifically that master has assumed that responsibility.
- The fact the master has taken control on the bridge should be recorded in the log book. |
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Term
| Over view of masters standing orders. |
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Definition
- Vessel complies with COLREGS
- Importance of keeping a proper lookout
- Effective bridge management culture.
- Bridge Organisation supported by clear navigation Policy, incorporated with in the sms for the ship
- Composition of tge navigational watch under the STCW Code.
- Full compliance with SOLAS Chapter V. |
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Term
| Composition Of masters Standing Orders? |
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Definition
- Always inform the officers of what to expect, i.e. arrival pilot station or expecting adverse weather etc.
- Then list in chronological order all that you expect them to do or observe.
- Explain when to be called.
- Refer them to existing standing orders. |
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Term
| Why is passage planning berth to berth? |
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Definition
- Pilotage can be the most dangerous part of a passage.
- Shallow water combined with squat and minimum UKC.
- Narrow confined channels with heavy traffic.
- Strong Tidal Flows and the need for accurate position fixing.
- Working with tugs and mooring boats.
- Manoeuvring, swinging and berthing.
- How can the bridge team monitor if they do not have a plan to check against.
- Due to bad weather, The pilot may embark upstream of tge pilot station.
- The pilot may become unwell during the passage.
- Requirements of company ISM Code. |
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Term
| Passage Planning Appraisal |
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Definition
- All information relevant to the proposed voyage or passage should be considered.
- Condition and state of the vessel, its stability and its equipment.
- Any special characteristics of the stowage and securing cargo (especially hazardous).
- Provision of a competent well rested crew.
- Appropriate scale, accurate and up-to-date charts.
- Sailing Directions, lists of lights and lists of radio aids to navigation.
- Mariners routeing guides and passage planning charts.
- Current and tidal atlases and tide tables.
- Volume of traffic likely to be encountered.
- If a pilot is to be used. |
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Term
| Passage Planning - Planning |
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Definition
- On the basis of the fullest possible appraisal, a detailed plan should be prepared which should cover the entire voyage Berth-to-berth.
- Plotting of the the intended route on appropriate scale charts showing the true direction of track.
- Highlight all area of danger, TSS & Ships routeing, and reporting positions & VTS.
- Speed alterations (Squat & UKC) Requirements.
- Change in machinery status i.e. standby conditions or FAOP.
- Contingency plans for alternative action. |
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Term
| Passage Planning - Execution |
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Definition
- Reliability and the condition of the vessels navigation equipment.
- ETA at critical points for tide heights and flow.
- Met conditions and weather routeing information.
- Day / Night time passing danger points & effects This will have position fixing frequency.
- Traffic conditions especially at navigational focal points. |
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Term
| Passage planning - Monitoring |
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Definition
- The Plan should be available at all time on the bridge to allow officers of the navigational watch immediate access and referance to the details of the plan.
- The progress of the vessel in accordance with the voyage and passage plan should be made consistent with these guidelines clearly marked and recorded. |
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Term
| Factors to be considered when determining the adequacy of a navigational watch? |
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Definition
- Size of vessel and field of vision available from the conning position.
- The bridge configuration that might hinder detection by sound or vision.
- State of visibility, state of the sea and weather conditions.
- Traffic Density and other activities at sea in the vicinity of the vessels track.
- Traffic separation or routeing schemes and attention required in these.
- The fitness for duty.
- Experience of each OOW
- Familiarity of each OOW with the vessels equipment, Procedures and the manoeuvring characteristics.
- Rudder & Proppellor Control and manoeuvring characteristics.
- Activities Taking place on the bridge is additional support available.
- The Operational status of bridge equipment and controls.
- Knowledge, and masters confidence in the professional competence of the crew.
- Workload caused by the nature of the vessels functions.
- Any other relevant standard, procedure or guidance related to watchkeeping arrangements. |
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Term
| What information must be transmittedto the vessel in distress, or coast station where there is no further contact with vessel in distress, when the decision has been made to assisit? |
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Definition
- Own vessels Identity
- Own vessels position
- Own vessels speed and ETA to the distressed crafts reported site.
- Distressed crafts true bearing and distance from own ship. |
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Term
| LIst the preparations to be made onboard when it has been decided to proceed to a distress? |
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Definition
- Brief and avise watch officers and lookouts.
- Up-to-date weather Information for the route and distress position.
- Determine datum and update and necessary.
- Operate radars especially X band or dual polarisation if fitted.
- Call or designate a communications officer.
- Monitor and report vessels progress toward scene.
- Monitor all distress frequencies.
- Update CRS/RCC.
- Ensure Internal communications are effective between engine room , rescue boat and deck crew.
- Engine Room Briefed and Manned.
- Prepare rescue boat and equipment.
- Check cranes and cargo equipment are prepared to recover casualties.
- Hospital and accomodation prepared for survivors. |
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Term
| List the Duties of the OSC |
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Definition
- Co-ordination of all SAR operations for facilities on-scene and onshore.
- Obtaining the search action plan or rescue plan from the SMC. Alternatively, prepare the plan if it is not otherwise available.
- Modification of the search action or resuce plan as the situation on-scene dictates, in consultation with, or providing advice to the SMC.
- Co-ordination of all on-scene communications.
- Monitoring the performance of all on-scene communications.
- Monitoring the performance of other paticipating facilities, ensuring that operations are conducted safely while paying paticular attention to maintaining safe operations are conducted safely while paying particular attention to maintaining safe operations across all facilities, both surface and air.
- Making periodic situation report.
- Maintenance of a detailed record of the operation.
- Advising the SMC when to release the facilities that are no longer required.
- Requesting assistance from SMC where necessary.
- Reporting survivors, which unit the are on, and destination and ETA. |
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Term
| What information do we require to begin planning the search? |
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Definition
- The most probable position of the casualty to commence the search.
- The size of the search area.
- What type of search patterns will be used and the spacing to be used in the search area. |
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Term
| List the factors that affect the determination of track spacing? |
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Definition
- The size of the search object.
- The type of the search object.
- Meteorological visibility.
- The sea state/ condition.
- Time of the day.
- The position of the sun.
- The effectiveness of the observers. |
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Term
| Factors to be considered when designating the OSC? |
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Definition
The following will be considered when deciding upon which unit will be suitable to co-ordiate.
- The experience and training of the master of vessel.
- The communication facilities of the vessel, including the language.
- The amount of time the vessel can spend on the scene.
- Location/ Proximity of the vessel with relation to the area.
- The nature of work being carried out and the work load. |
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Term
| Factors to be considered when deciding to terminate the search? |
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Definition
- The Probability that survivors were in the search area.
- The Probability of detection of the search object.
- The time remaining that the search facilities can remain on scene.
- The probablity of the survivors still being alive. |
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Term
| List the basic information to be transmitted in a distress? |
|
Definition
- Distress Identifier (May Day).
- Identity (Name or Call Sign).
- Position.
- Nature of distress.
- Type of assistance required.
- Number of persons at risk. |
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Term
|
Definition
- All course alterations are of 90 degrees.
- The first two legs will be the same length 's' which is the track space.
- Legs 1 and 2 will be 1 's'.
- Legs 3 and 4 will be a length of 2 's'
- Legs 5 and 6 will be a length of 3 's'
- Legs 7 and 8 will be length of 4 's'
- And so on until the area is fully searched.
- The commence search point is always the datum position. |
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Term
| What Should the Master be satisfied with in regard to allowing sole lookout watch keeping to take place? |
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Definition
- That the OOW has had sufficient rest before commencing his watch.
- That the OOW confirms it is well within thier capacity to maintain a proper lookout and remain in full control of the prevailing circumstances.
- That the OOW is aware of tha back up assistance that has been designated for the bridge and who they should call for assistance.
- That all designated back up personnel are aware of response times, the limitations on thier movements, and can hear alarms or communications from the bridge. There should be two-way radio contact between bridge and on eof the designated persons for providing assistance.
- That all essential equipment and alarms on the bridge are fully functional. |
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Term
| Under what circumstances would the master consider changing watch levels on the bridge? |
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Definition
The master would consider a change in watch levels if any of the following circumstances were to change;
- Prevailing traffic conditions
- Prevailing weather conditions
- The nature of waters in which the vessel is navigating.
- Fatigue levels and workload on the bridge.
- Changes to the operational status of bridge equpment.
- Emergency situations.
- activities with whcih the vessel is involved. |
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Term
| Context of coastal warnings? |
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Definition
- Promulgated by national co-ordinator or to ensure safe navigation within region of 250'NM from the coast.
- Should provide sufficient information for safe navigation seaward of fairway buoy or pilot station, should not be restricted to hazards in or near main shipping lanes.
- If no Navtex station in area theya re broadcast on SAFETY NET ( SAT C EGC) or by other such means, i.e. VHF.
- Report the presence of large tows, Casualties to significant lights, newly discovered wrecks or established offshore structures. |
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Term
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Definition
To be carried out 12 hours before Departure:
- Main & Auxiliary steering gear.
- Remote steering gear control systems.
- Main Steering position on the bridge.
- Emergency power supply.
- Rudder indicators in relation to actual rudder position.
- Power failure and steering motor failure alarms.
- Test full rudder movment using each single motor and with all units combined.
- Test bridge to steering flat communications.
- Record Steering gear test. |
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Term
| Preparations to be made before sea? |
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Definition
- Passage plan prepared & checked.
- Navigation lights & signalling equipment.
- Sound signalling equipment.
- Internal & external communications + AIS ( GMDSS station on and tested).
- Radar's, ARPAS, ECDIS & integeated bridge alarm system (If Fitted).
- Echo sounders and speed logs.
- Electronic position fixing systems.
- Magnetic compass, gyros, Gyro Repeaters, Auto- Pilot & Steering gear.
- Cargo systems and main deck secured.
- Anchors and mooring equipment. |
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Term
| Outline the role of the master with a pilot on board? |
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Definition
- Master maintains ultimate responsibility.
- Agress roles & responsibilities on the master, Pilot & Bridge team.
- Master and bridge team have duty to support the pilot.
- Master has duty to report any deficiencies to navigational, hull or machinery.
- Master has duty to provide vessel manoeuvring information.
- Master & Pilot to agree proposed passage plan. |
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Term
| Typical characteritics of a TRS? |
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Definition
- Cyclones form in tropical latitudes either side of the equator.
- Typical Diameter is 400-500 NM
- Steep pressure gradient so winds are violent and seas will be high and confused.
- In the Northern Hemisphere Generally move WNW until possible recurvature to Northerly or North Easterly Direction.
- Conversely move west south westerly with possible recurvature south or south easterly direction. |
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Term
| Where are TRS' Generally Found? |
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Definition
- Western North Atlantic (Hurricanes)
- Eastern North Pacific (Hurricanes)
- Western North Pacific (Typhoons)
- Western South Pacific (Hurricanes)
- North Indian Ocean (Cyclones)
- Western South Indian Ocean (Cyclones)
-Eastern South Indian Ocean (Cyclones/Hurricanes) |
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Term
| Where can Information on weather routeing be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Information that should be exchanged by the pilot to the master? |
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Definition
- Navigational intentions
- Local conditions, Including navigational and traffic constraints.
- VTS & Reporting requirements.
- Areas of minimum UKC and speed changes.
- Berthing plan & tugs and mooring gangs to be used.
- Expected weather and tidal conditions. |
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Term
| Information that should be exchanged by the master to the pilot. |
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Definition
- Inform the pilot of the position, heading, speed and draught.
- Outline the roles and responsibilities of the master, pilot and other members of the bridge team.
- Clarification and agreeement of passage plan.
- Completed pilot card including any deficiencies.
- Location of LSA and Life jacket.
NOTE: The master has legal duty to support the pilot. |
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Term
| Precautions to be taken when passing isolated islands? |
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Definition
- Predetermined distance off - lookout.
- Large scale charts may not be available
- Unreliable survey;
--Depths
--Hazards
--Datum Used to determine position of the Island.
-Risk of grounding - run echo sounder
- Practice celestial navigation to cross check GPS positions.
- Many Islands Unlit - consult list of lights
- Piracy??? |
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Term
| Met condition experienced when a TRS is in the vicinity? |
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Definition
- 200-250NM from the centre pressure 5MB below the average, winds about force 6-7.
- Cloud & Rain more continuous towards the centre.
- Gales at about 125NM from the centre.
- Hurricane force winds 80 miles from the centre ( pressure 10MB below the mean).
- Within the eye wall (10-15NM Wide) Cloud is dense, driving spray & Rain reduce visibility to zero.
- In the Eye, winds may be moderate, clearish skies, sea may be confused. |
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Term
| A checklist for Navigation in Coastal Waters. |
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Definition
- Advice/ Recommendations from admiralty sailing directions.
- Draught in relation to available depth of navigable weather.
- Effects of squat.
- Tides & Currents.
- Wx, in areas prone to poor visibility.
- Availability of Navigational Aids & thier Accuracy.
- Position fixing methods and intervals.
- Day or night passing of an island.
- Traffic likely to be encountered.
- TSS's or routeing being used.
- Local/ Coastal warnings.
- VTS reporting.
- Gyro / compass errors taken and accounted for.
- In Hand Steering.
- Radars optimumly tuned.
- Echo sounder running.
- Bridge manning Lookout/ Helmsman.
- Enviromental protection procedures. |
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Term
| Checklist for manoeuvring in restricted visibility. |
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Definition
Check:
- Check Radars and ARPA's.
- VHF.
- Sound singalling appratus.
- Navigation lights.
- Echo Sounder.
- Watertight doors.
- Post lookout & Helmsman on standby.
- Comply with COLREGS, company ISM and masters standing orders. |
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Term
| M.E or Steering gear failure EM Checklist. |
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Definition
- Inform Master
- Prepare Anchors
- Commence sound signals
- Broadcast "Urgency Message"
Additionally for steering gear:
- Inform Engine Room.
- Engage Emergency Steering.
- Take all way of the vessel.
- Prepare Engines for manoeuvring.
- Helmsman on the wheel. |
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Term
| Emergency Checklist Collision |
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Definition
- Sound General Alarm.
- Manoeuvre the ships so as to minimize the damage.
- Close watertight doors + Automatic Fire doors.
- Switch on deck lighting at night.
- Muster pax (If Carried).
- Make ships position available to the radio room.
- Sound Tanks and Bilges.
- Check for damage/ Fire.
- Offer assistance to other vessel.
- Broadcast distress message if necessary. |
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Term
| Emergency Checklist for stranding or grounding. |
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Definition
- Stop Engines.
- Sound General alarm.
- Close watertight doors.
- Exhibit appropriate lights/shapes/sound signals.
- Switch on deck lights at night.
- Check Hull for damage.
- Sound Bilges and tanks.
- Visually inspect compartments.
- Sound Depth around ship.
- Obtain information on tides/ currents.
- Reduce vessels draught.
- Broadcast appropriate message. |
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Term
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Definition
- Release MOB lifebuoy.
- Takw Immediate avoiding action.
- Sound 3 prolonged blasts.
- Commence Recovery manoeuvre.
- Hand Steering.
- Note ships position, wind speed & Direction + Time.
- Inform Master.
- Inform E/R.
- Additional Lookouts. W/Portable radios and binoculars.
- Muster Crew.
- Prepare the rescue boat
- Rig Pilot ladder/ Recovery nets.
- Broadcast Distress Message.
- Raise 'O' Flag. |
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Term
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Definition
- Sound Fire Alarm.
- Call Master.
- Establish Communications.
- Check for missing & Injured Crew.
- On location of Fire Inform all crew of details.
- If E/R Prepare for M/E Failure.
- Close vents, watertight door & Firedoors.
- Switch on deck lighting at Night.
- Make position available to radio room.
- Broadcast Appropriate Message. |
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Term
| Emergency Checklist Flooding |
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Definition
- Sound General Alarm.
- Close watertight Doors.
- Sound bilges + Tanks.
- Identify location of water ingress.
- Isolate power in the area.
- Shore up area to Stem water flow.
- Check and run bilge pump.
- Check Auxilairy pumps for back up.
- Make position available to radio room.
- Broadcast appropriate message. |
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Term
| Emergency Checklist Search & Rescue. |
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Definition
- Take Bearing of distress message if radio direction finder fitted.
- Re-transmit distress message.
- Maintain continuous listening watch on all distress frequencies.
- Consult IAMSAR Volume 3.
- Establish Communications with all other units.
- Plot position, courses & Speed of other assisting Units.
- Monitor X Band.
- Post Extra Look Outs. |
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Term
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Definition
- PIlots primary duty is to provide accurate local information, however, in practice the pilot will con the vessel on the masters behalf.
- Navigational intention & any new hazards.
- Proposed speed changes.
- Local Navigational or traffic regulation.
- TSS, VTS and reporting Requirements.
- Tidal & Current conditions.
- Berthing & Mooring Plan.
- Proposed use of Tugs & Manoeuvring
- Expected weather conditions. |
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Term
| Role of OOW when Pilot Onboard. |
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Definition
- OOW responsible for the watch until informed specifically that the master has assumed that responsibility, record in log book.
- OOW to monitor vessels position UKC, passing traffic and Communications.
- OOW to ensure Helm orders are carried out correctly.
- OOW to query any commands or omission by pilot that he is not sure of.
- Call/ Inform the master if in any doubt. |
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Term
| The Advance Quadrant of the Dangerous Semicircle is called the dangerous quadrant for 3 reasons? |
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Definition
- If the storm recurves it does so over the vessel.
- The Wind pushes the vessel towards the storm centre.
- The wind is stronger and seas higher in the advancing quadrant. |
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Term
| A vessel that is expected to operate or proceed in ice must be prepared for the hazards posed. List some general requirements for the vessel? |
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Definition
- Appropriate Ice classification & Notation.
- The main engine and steering gear should be reliable and maintained.
- Operational navigational equipment in good order.
- Radars capable of peak performance.
- The vessel must be adequately trimmed & ballasted to immerse prop, not excessively trimmed.
- Ballast & FW tanks more than 90%.
- Good Searchlights/ Ice lights.
- Fenders.
- Towlines.
- Defrosters on bridge windows
- Tinted screens on bridge windows.
- Accomodation Heating.
- Anti-skid salt/ grit or non-slip walkways clear.
- Cold weather PPE.
- Navigational publications for ice area & latest report.
- Accomodation heating.
- Adequate coverings for winches & deck equipment.
- Deck heating system on. |
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Term
| Points to be considered for route selection. |
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Definition
1- Expected weather for time of year > wind, current, visibility.
2- Proximity of navigational hazards to intended route.
3- Recommended route in ocean passage for the world and weather routeing charts.
4- Commercial compliance loadlines & Charterers instructions.
5- Time Saving - GC vs Rhumbline
-GC High latitudes, Poor Weather.
- East bound routes generally following weather.
- West Bound Headwinds. |
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Term
| How onboard observations can be used to determine the vessels position relative to the storm track? |
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Definition
- A bearing of the storm can be estimated by using buy ballots law if corrected barometer is 5 Mb below mean i.e. The V/L is about 200 miles away.
- Taking Another bearing 2-3 hours later. The approximate path of the storm can be determined. However, allowance must be made for vessels own movement between bearings.
- If an increasing wind is observed from the same direction the vessel will be on path of the TRS.
- Shift in the true wind; Veering = Dangerous semi circle, Backing = V/L is in the navigable semi-circle.
- Pressure tendancy, if vesssel forward of the trough line, pressure will decrease slowly then as the storm approaches more rapidly. once the storm centre passes there will be a sharp increase followed by a steady increase. |
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Term
| Onboard procedures for operating in areas of probable TRS Activity? |
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Definition
- Make sure watch keepers are familiar with early indicators of cyclones ( Mariners handbook, Masters standing orders).
- Obtain Regular weather bulletins.
- Master to be advised of any signifigant changes.
- Send obligatory report if a cylcone is encountered or is suspected.
- Monitor the relative position of the storm. |
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Term
| Describe the warning signs of an approaching TRS? |
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Definition
- A long low swell is observed to be eminating from the centre of the TRS entensive cirrus cloud is observed.
- a 3mb drop in pressure, corrected for height, temperature and diurnal variation may indicate the possibility of a TRS in the vicinity.
- a 5 mb drop in pressure, corrected for height, temp and diurnal variation, indicates a definitite TRS in the vicinity.
- Cirrus cloud will turn to altostratus and broken cumulus as the storm approaches.
- Noticeable change in wind strength and direction.
- Rain and winds of force 6/7 maybe encountered at the outer bands of the TRS, some 250 miles from the centre.
- As the storm approaches, the longswell giving way to increased seas becoming high and confused.
- Gale force winds likely at some 125 miles from the storm centre and hurricane force winds @ 80 NM from the centre. |
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Term
| SOLAS requirements for masters report for a TRS? |
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Definition
A report needs to be made to the nearest coast station and all vessels in the vicinity:
- A TRS is suspected or is in the vicinity.
- Storm force winds are encountered for which no warning has been recieved.
The Report should contain the following information:
- Position of the storm as far as it can be ascertained.
- Time & Date GMT when it was encountered.
- Position, True course & speed of vessel when observation was made.
In addition as much to the following information as is practicable:
- Barometric @ sea level (corrected).
- Pressure tendancy.
- True direction & speed of the wind.
- Sea state, Swell height and period.
Must be sent every 3 hours as long as the vessel is within influence of the storm. |
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Term
| Factors to be taken into account by master when making a decision about the route to be taken to avoid a TRS? |
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Definition
1. The position of the vessel relative to the storm.
2. Severity of weather along the tracks available.
3. The minimum distance at which the vessel would pass the storm centre.
4. The likelihood of the storm changing its direction and catching up with the vessel.
5. Proximity to navigational hazards.
6. Freedom of movement.
7. Any change in steaming distance.
8. Steaming time.
9. The possibility of the vessel being caught by the storm.
10. The possibilty of damage. |
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Term
| Preparations to be made @ anchor for a TRS? |
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Definition
- Both Anchors should be used in open moor.
- As much cable as possible should be paid out.
- Engines ran ahead (depending on wind force) to reduce strain on the anchors. |
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Term
| List the advantages, precautions, hazardsof remaining in port where there is a TRS Nearby? |
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Definition
Advantages;
- If vessel is secured and free from the effects of open sea and even sheltered or berthed far up river.
- In cases of extreme emergency crew can evavuate to shelter ashore.
- Some assistance from authorities is possible.
Precautions;
- Recieve regular reports.
- Secure equipment.
- Sufficient ballast and adequate stability.
- Stop Cargo operations.
- Engines ready for immediate manouevre.
- Tugs om Standby.
Hazards;
- Authorities may close port and order all vessel to sea.
- Damage caused by bottom contact.
- Vessel is in immediate danger if moorings fail.
- As storm approaches, tugs may not remian on station and its too late to head to sea. |
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Term
| List the Advantages, precautions and hazards of being at anchor where there is a Reported TRS Nearby? |
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Definition
Advantages;
- The selected storm anchorage is likely to be well sheltered with adequate depth.
- The swell and sea in confined waters may not be very high.
Precautions;
- Security and stability of the vessel must be ensured.
- Both anchors in an open moor with a long scope.
- Engines used ahead to reduce strain on the anchors, prevent dragging.
Hazards;
- Recieving assistance at anchorage is less likely when a storm is passing.
- Insufficient power or defects may cause problems.
- If vessel drags anchor it may be very difficult to pick up and head to open sea.
- In shallow waters damage may be caused by bottom contact.
- If vessel not sufficiently ballasted, or secured or has in adequate stability she may encounted serious problems. |
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Term
| LIst the advantages, precautions and hazards of proceeding to sea where there is a reported TRS in the area? |
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Definition
Advantages;
- Freedom of movement allow the advantage of being abale to clear away from an approaching storm.
Precautions;
- Security and stability of the vessel must be ensured.
- Decision to proceed to sea must be made early.
- Freedom of movment must be maintained.
Hazards;
- If not secured or adequate stability serious problems may occur.
- If vessel caught on lee shore, with restricted romm she may run aground.
- There is a possibility of running out of fuel if sufficient reserves not available.
- In shallow water contact with sea bed possible |
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Term
| List the contents of a masters obligatory report with regard to Ice and Ice Accretion? |
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Definition
Ice;
- The type of ice encountered.
- The position of the ice.
- UTC and date of observation.
Ice Accretion;
- When air temperature below freezing and gale force winds are encountered.
- Force and direction of the wind.
- The position of the ship.
- UTC date and time of observation.
Additional Information;
- Ships Name.
- Call sign.
- Course & Speed. |
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Term
| When Approaching ice areas what aspects of navigation are affected? |
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Definition
- Appearance of features and landmarks.
- Radar detection.
- Celestial Navigation.
- DR
- Operation of compasses and logs.
- Establishment and maintenace of aids to navigation.
- Ship Handling. |
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Term
| List the various sources of information for the plannning of navigation in ice areas? |
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Definition
- Mariners handook.
- Ocean passages for the world.
- ALRS.
- Sailing Directions.
- Ice Charts.
- Routeing charts.
- Weather facsimile charts.
- Ocean routeing services.
- Weather and Ice reports
- Navtex and safety net ice reports.
- International ice patrol.
- NAIS ( North American Ice service).
- Port authorities, pilots and pilotage authorities.
- Ocean weather ships.
- Ships Departing from the area.
- Previous experience & Knowledge of individuals onboard.
- Previous records on board if vessel has previously transited the area. |
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Term
| Masters duties under SOLAS for navigation on ice areas? |
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Definition
| When ice is reported on or near thier track, SOLAS requires the master of every ship to proceed at a moderate speed @ night or to alter course to pass well clear of the danger area. On meeting dangerous ice, the master is obliged under SOLAS to send a report to ships in the vicinity and to the nearest coast station. |
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Term
| Outline factors to be taken into account when maintaining a navigational plot of the vessel positoin when navigating in ice? |
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Definition
- Ice build up distorts the shape of the coastline when viewed by radar.
- In many ports, floating aids removed during winter months to prevent them being damaged or dragged off station by pack ice.
- Lights not detected @ an adequate range - ice/snow build up on the lens of the light reduces its range and diffuse the colours of sector lights.
- Ice bergs can become trapped in pack ice causing an underwater hazard.
- Ice bergs that ground in shoal areas may be used as a tempoary reference point.
- Vessel beset by pack ice may be forced out of the channel and into shallow water.
- In Remote/ in accessible locations, maintenance of navigational aids is not always possible.
- GPS unreliable beyond 70 degrees north or south.
- Gyro and magnetic compass become unreliable @ 70 degrees north or south and useless @ 85 degrees.
- Ice and refraction cause false horizons for celestial navigation.
- All the above will make it difficult. |
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Term
| Outline the factors the master must take into account when manoeuvring in ice? |
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Definition
- Enter the ice @ 90 degrees (Remember that it is easy to under estimate the extent of ice it is rarely uniform).
- Enter the Ice slowly to prevent damage to the Bow, and then increase speed.
- Do not stop engines.
- Rudder amidships when going astern (Run engine to clear the prop, confirm with lookouts).
- Adequate trim to immerse the prop, avoid excessive trim and maintain adequate stability.
- Work with the ice using leads, however be aware of & avoid shore leads.
- E/R Change over to low suctions.
- Ice classifications of the vessel.
- Ice breaker availabilty. |
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Term
| Outline the factors that should be considered by a prudent master when determining the risks involved in encountering dangerous ice? |
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Definition
- Routes to avoid ice, safer to avoid, even makes a longer passage.
- Type of ice - ice berg, bergy bits and growlers or pack ice.
- Concentration of ice occasional iceberg or entering pack ice.
- Availability of iceberg reports (Only ship reports available in the southern ocean).
- Ice classification of the ship.
Power and manoeuvrability, important to keep manoeuvrability, do not become beset.
- Speed, Slowing down for entry and transit throiugh ice.
- Poor visibility is a common occurence in ice fields.
- Efficiency of nav equipment.
- Sufficients bunkers & Stores.
- Availabilty of ice breaker & assistance from other vessels & aircraft.
- Experience of crew. |
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Term
Objective/ Types of weather routeing;
Least time with least damage to hull & cargo. |
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Definition
| This is avery common request, particularly by general cargo and liner trade vessels. The recommended route will attempt to avoid the worst weather at the same time achieve a quick passage. |
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Term
Objectives/ Type of weather routeing;
Constant speed |
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Definition
| This may some times be requested when a charter-party imposes a finnancial penalty unless the vessel maintains a certain speed over a given time. |
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Term
| Objectives/ Type of weather routeing; |
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Definition
| This may be requested when ships are carrying a particularly sensitive cargo such as livestock or some piece of expensive deck cargo which cannot be carried down below. Vessels also wishing to avoid ice accretion on cargo causing delays and damage to cargo for arrival in port. |
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Term
Objective/ types of weather routeing;
Fuel Saving. |
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Definition
Fuel saving became particularly important, and was frequently requested, in the 70's with the large increases in fuel costs.
These days fuel saving is really a spin off from the least time track and is not usually requested as a specific objective. |
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Term
| Information to be sent whilst on passage while being weather routed? (Reports sent to and from the ship) |
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Definition
To routeing organisation;
(i) Actual time of departure, as soon as possible, after leaving port.
(ii) If not making regular weather reports. Position report every 24 hours.
(iii) Advise of breakdowns or speed reductions for instances no involving weather.
By the routeing organisation;
(i) Analysis of present synoptic situation, possible forcast for storm tracks and recommended route.
(ii) Advisory message; If forecast conditions are signifigant, but unavoidable, the an advisory message will be sent giving details of weather to expect.
(iii) Diversion message: If the forcast of signifigant weather can be avoided or of a signifigant decrease in intensity of adverse weather can be achieved, by a change in course & Speed then a diversion message will be sent. |
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Term
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Definition
| On completion of the voyage the routeing organisation may, on request provide a hindcast chart. This chart show the vessels progress during the voyage and the actual weather conditions experienced (as reported by the ship), Together with alternative routes and the weather conditions that might have been experienced. |
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Term
| Outline the benefits of ship board routeing. |
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Definition
- 'Cost Saving' Although the cost of routeing is not expensive and the extra work on the OOW should be considered.
- Many modern ships have an expensive array of equipment available to access facsimilile charts and bulletins or direct access to the internet.
- The Masters experience of how the vessel performs in differing conditions.
- Lack of a larger view, the full picture or the long prognosis of weather in the area. |
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Term
| List the information contained in coastal warnings? |
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Definition
UK coastal warnings contain information relating to the principle aids to navigation and other important gydrographic matters in waters around the British Isles such as:
a. Casualties to major lights/ fog signals, major floating lights and the more important buoys.
b. Drifting hazards in congested waters.
c. Large unwieldy tows in congested waters.
d. Dangerous wrecks and or ammended shoal depths.
e. Establishment of salvage buoys in congested waters.
f. Areas where SAR & anti-pollution operations are being carried out.
g. Negative surges.
h. Irregularities in the transmission of differential of corrections to GPS.
j. Cable laying operations or other underwater activities.
These are promulgated by HMRC (MRCC) via VHF and Navtex. |
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Term
| Local Navigation warnings. |
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Definition
| Local warnings supplement the coastal warning service by giving detailed information on aspects which the ocean going vessel does not normally require. They usually refer particularly to inshore waters and are often originated by coast guard, port or Pilotage authorities. |
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Term
| Name 3 types of Hydrographic information reports? |
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Definition
H102;
- When a new or suspected dangers to navigation are discovered, changes observed in aids to navigation, or corrections to publications seen to be necessary.
H102a;
- Hydrographic note for port information.
H102b;
- Form for recording GPS observations against corresponding chart positions. |
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Term
| List the major categories of MSI for Navtex, Aids & Safety Net? |
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Definition
- Navigational warnings.
- Meteorological warnings.
- Ice Reports.
- Meteorological forecasts.
- Pilot service messages (Excluding U.S.)
- Electronic navigation system messages. |
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Term
| List the contents of navarea warnings? |
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Definition
1. Failure of and changes to major navigational aids.
2. Drifting hazards (Derelicts, ice, etc.).
3. Areas where SAR or anti-pollution operations are taking place
4. Cable or pipelaying activity, under water activity in certain areas.
5. Signifigant malfunctioning of radio-navigation services.
6. Acts of piracy & Armed robbery.
7. Miscellaneous publications.
8. Electronic publications. |
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Term
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Definition
Sea Area A1 - Within coverage of at least 1 VHF coast station. The station must have continuous. DSC availability. The Limit of the areas is about 20-50 NM.
Sea Area A2 - This is the area excluding sea area A1, That is within coverage of at least one MF coast station. This station has to have contiuous DSC availability. A1 Limit - 150Nm.
Sea Area A3 - This is the area, excluding areas A1 and A2, within coverage of an inmarsat geostationary satellite, where continuous alerting is available. This are is within 70N & 70S.
Sea Area A4 - This area covers the Polar regions, where geostationary satellite coverage is not possible and it is outside the sea areas A1, A2 & A3. |
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Term
| List the information distributed by safety net service using Inmarsat - C - EGC? |
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Definition
- Distress alerts.
- Navigational warnings.
- Meteorological warnings
- Forcasts
- Other Safety messages. |
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Term
| Where is climatic routeing best used? |
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Definition
- Areas of settled or predictable weather
- Low to middle latitudes
- Equator to 40 (Edge of the STAC).
- Tropics
- Indian Ocean. |
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Term
| Where is weather routeing best used? |
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Definition
- Areas of unsettled changeable weather.
- Mid latitudes.
- North & South Atlantic.
- North & south pacific. |
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Term
| Factors to consider when deciding on weather routeing? |
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Definition
- Voyage length greater than 1500'NM.
- Navigationally viable, i.e. free from land.
- Free from strong currents, Ice, loadline restrictions etc.
- Routeing most beneficial when extremes of weather expected.
- Is there a financial benefit to the routeing.
- Type of vessel or tanker, pax, livestock etc. |
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Term
| What information is required before a vessel cna be weather routed? |
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Definition
- Ships name, call sign, Inmarsat or telex number.
- Port of departure and the start of routeing.
- Ship's speed, deadwieght, cargo condition.
- Any special requirements that need to be taken into account.
- Type of weather routeing advice required. |
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Term
Objectives/ Types of weather Routeing:
Least time track |
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Definition
| The main objective is to reduce time on passage regardless of other considerations. It is usually confined to tankers, product carriers of large/medium size which are unlikely to suffer cargo damafe and less susceptible to hull damage. |
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Term
| How to obtain a tidal prediction for an offshore area using a co-tidal chart? |
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Definition
| To obtain a tidal prediction for an offshore area the values of mean high water interval and spring mean range for the area should be taken from the chart. A suitable standard port, usually the nearest to the area, should be chosen the values of mean high water interval and mean spring range noted. |
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Term
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Definition
Of necessity every sight embodies a timed by which the compass error can be determined; the alternative amplitude method of determining error has an inherent flaw in higher latitudes.
The correct instant for taking the amplitude observation is when the true altitude of the sun is zero. As a result of refraction this is usually approximated to when the suns lower limb is one semi-diameter above the visible horizon. As can be seen by any error in estimating this altitude will produce a signifigant error in higher latitudes.
So; In low latitudes there is a small change in azimuth for a large change in altitude, but in high latitudes. There is a large change in azimuth for a small change in altitude. |
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