Term
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Definition
(CA, 1994) Immigration
-Prohibited illegal immigrants from health care, public education and government services
-Overturned by courts |
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Term
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Definition
(CA, 1994) Three Strikes
-Second strike doubles sentence
-3 strikes= 25 years to life
-Crimes committed as a minor can count
-$20 cartoon of cigarettes
-Prison overcrowding
-Weakened with Proposition 36 in 2012 |
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Term
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Definition
(CA, 1998) Bilingual Education
-CA's 3rd English only initiative
-Eliminated bilingual education
-Established English tutoring |
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Term
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Definition
(CA, 2008) CA Marriage Protection Act
-Defined marriage between opposite sex
-CA Supreme Court upheld amendment but
-Grandfathered any existing gay/lesbian marriages |
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Term
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Definition
-June 6, 1978- initiated by Howard Jarvis and Paul Gann
-$5 billion surplus real estate boom
-Reduced property tax rate to 1% of the 75-76 value
-Future assessment increases to 2% per year except when ownership changes
-Barred legislature from raising taxes without 2/3 majority
-Cut local taxes by $6 billion
-Property owners 57% relief |
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Term
| Consequences of Proposition 13 |
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Definition
-Taxpayers kept a lot of money
-No initial service decimation because of surplus
-Changed in the 1980s
-Class size in CA largest in the states
-Drop from 21st to 35th in per pupil spending
-Per capita highway maintenance dropped to 50th
-Unequal tax benefits
-Lack of emergency funds
-Supermajority |
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Term
| Case for Direct Democracy |
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Definition
-Empower grassroots
-Builds better citizens
-Voters seek information
-Increase interest in politics |
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Term
| Case against Direct Democracy |
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Definition
-Voters may not understand difficult policy
-Tyranny of majority
-Very expensive
-Citizens cannot afford them |
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Term
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Definition
| public vote on a statute or constitutional amendment |
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Term
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Definition
| legislation approved by the legislature, but referred to the voters for final approval. Some legislation, like constitutional amendments or bond issues, must be referred to voters for final approval |
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Term
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Definition
| allows person or group to petition to have a public vote on something the legislature has already approved |
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Term
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Definition
| allows a person to propose a bill, collect signatures, and vote on the bill |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a petition to have the legislature consider a bill proposed by citizens |
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Term
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Definition
allows a person or group to petition for a public vote to remove an official
-many cities and 18 states have the recall
-ex: CA's Gray Davis was recalled in 2003 |
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Term
| The promise of Direct Democracy |
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Definition
-Rooted in the populist and progressive movements
-To give the public more control over public officials
-Reforms designed to make a more responsible and representative govt |
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Term
| Direct Democracy during the Progressive Era |
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Definition
-Reforms to take power from incumbents, political machines and interests
-Give power to the voters |
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Term
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Definition
| parties should be ideologically consistent, presenting voters with a clear platform and set of policies that are principled and distinctive |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that parties are pragmatic, self-interested organizations, striving to maximize votes in order to win elections and control political office |
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Term
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Definition
| voters select one candidate affiliated with a political party for each elected office; the party nominees later face one another in a general election |
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Term
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Definition
| Party members informally meet, deliberate, and then cast votes for their preferred candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| voters must register with a political party prior to election day and can only vote for candidates of the party for which they are registered |
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Term
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Definition
| vote in one primary for one office and another primary for another office (unconstitutional since 2000 with exception of Louisiana) |
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Term
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Definition
| permits registered voters to vote in any party's primary but voters must publicly declare on election day the party primary in which they choose to vote |
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Term
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Definition
permits voting in a primary by those who are registered with the party or who are registered as independents
-ruled constitutional in Clingman v. Beaver (OK, 2005) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows eligible voters, irrespective of their party affiliation, to vote in a primary for any candidate running on any party ticket, with the top candidates from each political party squaring off in the general election |
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Term
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Definition
| permits 2 or more parties to nominate the same candidate for office, with the candidate's name appearing on the ballot alongside the name of each party by which he or she is cross-endorsed |
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Term
| Party Identification (PID) |
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Definition
| strength of an individual's attachment to a political party |
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Term
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Definition
| the weakening of the attachment that voters have to a political party |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal system in which political appointments are rewarded on the basis of political considerations rather than fitness for office |
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Term
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Definition
| rewarding of government offices to loyal supporters in exchange for their political support |
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Term
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Definition
the head of an urban or state party machine who controls elections and the disbursement of patronage
(ex: "Boss" Tweed of NYC, unprincipled, self-serving and corrupt) |
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Term
| Parties in the "Party Era" |
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Definition
-Spoils system
-Patronage appointments |
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Term
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Definition
-Headed by party boss
-Tammany Hall, NYC; Chicago |
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Term
| Death and rebirth of party organizations |
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Definition
-Progressive Era reforms weakened parties
-So did shift to candidate-centered campaigns
-Resurgence since 1970s- provide services to candidates |
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Term
| Political Action Committees (PACs) |
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Definition
| pool money to contribute to candidates |
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Term
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) |
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Definition
-also known as McCain-Feingold
-Banned parties from using soft money
-McConnell v. FEC: court upholds restrictions |
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Term
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Definition
| groups together all candidates running for different political offices by their party affiliation, making straight-ticket voting possible |
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Term
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Definition
groups together all candidates running for a single political office by the political office rather than by their party
-made split-ticket voting easier |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that monitors and publicizes the actions of govt officials and agencies and pulls a public alarm when something is awry |
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Term
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Definition
| formally organized body of individuals, organizations or enterprises that shares common goals and joins in a collective attempt to influence the electoral and policy-making process |
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Term
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Definition
-Membership groups
-Associations
-Institutions (Enterprises) |
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Term
| Pluralism/Pluralist Theory |
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Definition
-Assumes conflict is at the heart of politics
-Accepts diversity of interests
-Should promote/preserve the public good
-Potential interests may form because of shared views in society
-All active and legitimate groups can make themselves heard (Robert Dahl)
(combine with people who share the same interests with you) |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest that is yet to be organized but has some latent acceptance in society |
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Term
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Definition
| the benefitting of private, organized interests in an interest group system (ability to control the agenda) |
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Term
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Definition
| societal or environmental events result in group formation |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals try to benefit from public goods without paying for them (collective action) |
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Term
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Definition
| the provision by a group of some material, purposive, or solidarity incentive that can be enjoyed only by members of the group |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic effort to influence public policy by pressuring governmental officials to make decisions that comport with the interests of the group pursuing the desired action |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who are employees of a membership group, association, or institution representing their own organization |
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Term
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Definition
| work either independently or for a lobbying firm; professional lobbyist who temporarily works on behalf of a client |
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Term
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Definition
| form of political speech that mentions issues and positions of public officials but does not advocate the support or defeat of those officials |
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Term
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Definition
| generating news stories for the press to report on for free |
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Term
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Definition
| constituencies are manufactured by interests |
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Term
| Ballot measures are used: |
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Definition
| in two-dozen states as means for interest groups to advance their cause |
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Term
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Definition
| interest groups support candidates |
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Term
| Interest group system density |
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Definition
| number of functioning groups relative to the size of the state's economy |
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Term
| Interest group system diversity |
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Definition
| the spread of groups across various social and economic realms |
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Term
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Definition
-Madison warned of the dangers of factions
-They were a "necessary evil"
-Not all interests in a society are equally represented nor are factions in society randomly distributed across the population |
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Term
| Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010) |
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Definition
-Supreme Court overturns Congressional ban limiting corporations from direct spending
-Essentially treated corporations (and maybe unions) as individuals
-Permitted corporate spending on issue ads conducted independently of candidates |
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Term
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Definition
-initially weakened parties
-now parties use initiatives for their advantage |
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Term
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Definition
-Economic interests are favored
-They have a structured advantage
-Mobilization of bias benefits private, organized interests
-Not all interests are equal |
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Term
| Who joins interest groups? |
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Definition
-Wealthy, better educated, professionals
-Those who are asked to join
(poor people are less likely asked to join) |
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Term
| Interest group techniques |
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Definition
-insider, direct, outsider, indirect techniques
-lobbying (pressuring public officials) |
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Term
| How has lobbying increased? 1980, 1990, 1999 |
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Definition
1980: about 15,000 lobbyists in the states
1990: over 29,000
1999: almost 36,000 |
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Term
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Definition
-All states require lobbyist to register
-37 require expenditure reports
-24 have ethics commissions
-some have "revolving door" periods before govt officials can lobby |
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Term
| Changes in state lobbying |
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Definition
-interest proliferation
-specialization.more single issue groups
-sophistication in lobbying
-PAC growth
-increase in public interest groups
-increase in institutions |
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Term
| Why have changes occurred in lobbying? |
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Definition
1. Devolution
2. Increased state government activity
3. Fragmentation
4. New interests
5. Increases in corporations, businesses, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-mobilize interests of citizens
-enhance ability to hold officials accountable
-regulate ambition
-act as agents of political socialization
-organize decision-making institutions |
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Term
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Definition
-Essential for democratic govt
-Role of ambition
-Obtaining and maintaining power |
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Term
| Parties in the electorate |
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Definition
-eligible voters + non-voters who identify with a party
-party identification
-political ideology |
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