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Statistics 221
Intro stats course
14
Mathematics
Undergraduate 2
08/11/2009

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Term
alternative hypothesis
Definition
A statement about the value of a parameter that is either “less than,” “greater
than,” or “not equal to” a hypothesized number or another parameter; the hypothesis that the researcher
usually wants to prove or verify.
Term
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
Definition
A procedure used to test equality of three or more means.
Term
approximate sampling distribution
Definition
The distribution of x -values obtained from repeatedly taking
simple random samples of the same size from the same population. (An x is computed from each
sample.)
Term
approximate t test:
Definition
A test for comparing the means of two independent samples or two treatments
where the test statistic has an approximate t distribution. This is the preferred two sample t test, but it
requires statistical software.
Term
association
Definition
For quantitative data, large values of one variable tend to occur with large (or small) values
of another variable. For categorical data, certain responses for one variable tend to occur with certain
responses of the other variable.
Term
association vs. causation:
Definition
We can only argue causation from association if the results having
significant association are from an experiment.
Term
bar graph
Definition
A graphical representation of categorical data. Names of each category are listed on the x
axis and a bar that has height representing the frequency (or percentage) in that category is place over
each category name.
Term
bias (sampling):
Definition
A condition that occurs when the design of a study systematically favors certain
outcomes.
Term
bivariate data
Definition
Two measurements are made on each unit.
Term
block
Definition
A group of experimental units sharing some common characteristic. In a randomized complete
block design, random allocation of treatments is carried out separately within each group.
Term
boxplot:
Definition
A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first
quartile, the second quartile (median) and the third quartile.
Term
categorical (or qualitative) variable:
Definition
A variable that can be classified into groups or categories such as
gender and religion.
Term
causation:
Definition
Changes in the explanatory variable directly affect the response variable. Experiments are
needed to verify causation.
Term
census:
Definition
The enumeration of every unit in a population.
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