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| consist of information coming from obserations, surveys, counts, measurements, or responses |
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| is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions |
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| is the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest |
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| is a subset of a population |
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| is a numerical description of a population characteristic |
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| is a numerical description of a sample characteristic |
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| is the branch of statistics that involves the organization, summarization, and display of data |
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| is the branch of statistics that involves using a sample to draw conclusions about a population |
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| consist of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries |
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| consist of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries |
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| consist of numerical measurements or counts |
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| consist of numerical measurements or counts |
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| Data at the Nominal Level of Measurement |
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| are qualitative data only, and are categorized using names, labels, or qualities. No mathematical computations can be made at this level. |
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| Data at the Ordinal Level of Measurement |
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| are qualitative or quantitative, and can be arranged in order, or ranked, but differences between data entries are not meaningful. |
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| Data at the Interval Level of Measurement |
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| can be ordered, and you can calculate meaningful differences between data entries. At the interval level, a 0 entry simply represents a position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent 0 |
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| Data at the Ratio Level of Measurement |
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| are similar to data at the interval level, with the added property that a 0 entry is an inherent 0. A ratio of two data values can be formed so that one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another. |
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| occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on a variable |
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| a technique where the subject does not know whether he or she is receiving a treatment or a placebo |
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| neither the subject nor the experimenter knows if the subject is receiving a treatment or a placebo. The experimenter is informed after all the data have been collected. This type of experimental design is preferred by researchers. |
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| is a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups |
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| is the repitition of an experiment using a large group of subjects |
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| groups of subjects with similar characteristics |
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| subjects with similar characteristics are divided into blocks, and then within each block, subjects are randomly assigned to treatment groups |
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| subjects are paired up according to a similarity; one subject is randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives a different treatment |
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| is a count or measure of an entire population |
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| is a count or measure of part of a population, and is more commonly used in statistical studies |
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| is the difference between the results of a sample and those of the population |
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| is one in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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| is a sample in which every possible sample of the same size has the same chance of being selected |
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| members of the population are divided into two or more subsets called strata, that share a similar characteristic such as age, gender, or ethnicity. A sample is then randomly selected from each of the strata. |
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Definition
| is used when the population falls into naturally occurring subgroups, each having similar characteristics. To select a cluster sample, divide the population into groups, called clusters, and select all of the members in one or more (but NOT ALL) of the clusters. |
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| is a sample in which each member of the population is assigned a number. The members of the population are ordered in some way, a starting number is randomly selected, and then sample members are selected at regular intervals from the starting number. |
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Definition
| consists only of available members of the population; often leads to biased studies |
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