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Definition
| The hypothesis that the researcher usually wants to prove or verify. Value is either <, >, or = |
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| values of one variable tend to occur with certain values of another variable; detected with the conditional distributions differ from the marginal distributions and from each other |
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Definition
| a condition where the mean of the statistic values differs from the parameter that the statistic estimates |
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| data collected on two variables for each individual in a study |
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Definition
| the symbol for level of confidence (this isn't alpha - alpha is level of significance) |
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Definition
| the sampling distribution of xbar is approximately normal whenever the sample is large and random |
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Definition
| the distribution of the values in a single row or a single column of a two-way table |
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| conditions for the sampling dist. of x bar to be approximately normal |
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Definition
| sample size is large and sample is random (CLT application) |
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Term
| conditions required for the sampling dist. of x bar to be normal |
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Definition
| original pop. is normal and sample is random |
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Definition
| a list of reasonable values (with an associated level of confidence) for the parameter based on a value of a statistic |
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Definition
| a statistical tool for monitoring the input or output of a process |
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Definition
| mu - 3 times sigma over the square root of n and mu + 3 times sigma over the square root of n. Used to detect out-of-control signals in a control chart |
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Definition
| r - a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables. |
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Definition
| when sample size is increased the width of the confidence interval is __________ |
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Definition
| events that cannot occur at the same time (simultaneously) |
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Term
| distribution of a variable |
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Definition
| a list of the possible values of a variable together with the frequency of each value. (Note: probabilities can be given instead of frequencies.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a single outcome or a compbination of outcomes from a random phenomenon |
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Definition
| predicting a value for a value that is beyond what is in the data. This is bad because the prediction could be way off so it shouldn't be done at all |
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Definition
| results from statistical analyses performed on non-random samples |
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Definition
| when the level of confidence is increased the width of the confidence interval is ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| using results from a sample statistic value to draw conclusions about the population parameters. (Using what we learn about the sample to give us information about the target population) |
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Definition
| an observation that substantially alters the values of slope and y-intercept in the regression equation when it is included in the computations (an outlier) |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that the average (x bar) of observed values in a sample will get closer and closer to mu as the sample size increases |
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Definition
| the basis for hypothesis testing and confidence interval estimation |
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Term
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Definition
| a method for finding the equation of a line that minimizes the sum of squared residuals (the line that has the smallest sum of squared residuals) |
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| least squares regression line |
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Definition
| the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of the time that the confidence interval procedure will produce confidence intervals that contain the parameter being estimated; don't ever use probability in a sentence about this if there is already data collected and an interval computed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of values in the margins - the "total" row or the "total" column of a two- way table. |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum amount that a statistic value will differ from the parameter value for the middle (1-C) x 100% (this means level of confidence) of the distribution of all possible statistics. |
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Term
| mean of the sampling distribution of x bar |
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Definition
| the mean of all the sample means from all possible samples of size n from a population: equals mu |
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Term
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Definition
| the mean of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where values of one variable occur independent of values of another variable; detected when the conditionals of a two-way table equal the marginal distribution (and each other) |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis that the researcher assumes to be true until sample results indicate otherwise; the hypothesis of no difference or no change; hypothesis researcher usually wants to disprove |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the observed statistic and the claimed parameter value |
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Term
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Definition
| < or > in the Ha hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| one sample mean outside three standard deviations of x bar or nine sample means in a row above or below the line |
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Term
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Definition
| an observation that falls outside the the overall pattern of the data set |
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Definition
| the probability of getting a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the value observed assuming Ho is true |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic of a population that is usually unknown; this could be mean, median, proportion, standard deviation, computed on all the data from a population; a parameter does not have variability |
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Definition
| mu, sigma and p (proportion of a population) |
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Term
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Definition
| high values of one variable tend to association with high values of another variable |
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Term
| probabilitiy of an outcome |
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Definition
| a measure of the proportion of times an outcome occurs in a very long series of repetitions that gives us an indication of the likelihood of the outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of operations used in production, manufacturing, etc. |
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Term
| process in statistical control |
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Definition
| a process whose inputs and outputs exhibit natural variation when observed over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a chart plotting the means x bar of regular samples of size n against time; this chart is used to assess whether the process is in control |
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Definition
| the type of data required for regression analysis |
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Definition
| the percentage of total variation in Y that is explained by X |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon that describes the uncertainty of individual outcomes but gives a regular distribution of the outcomes int eh long run |
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