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| summarize or describe the important characteristics of a known set of data |
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| use sample data to make inferences (or generalizations) about a population |
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| the value at the center or middle of a data set |
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| the measure of center obtained by adding the values and dividing the total by the number of values |
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| denotes the sum of a set of values |
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is the variable usually used to represent the individual data values
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represents the number of values in a sample
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represents the number of values in a population
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| is pronounced ‘x-bar’ and denotes the mean of a set of sample values |
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| is pronounced ‘mu’ and denotes the mean of all values in a population |
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| the middle value when the original data values are arranged in order of increasing (or decreasing) magnitude |
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the value that occurs most frequently the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal data |
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the value midway between the maximum and minimum values in the original data set max value + min value 2 |
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Round-off Rule for
Measures of Center |
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| Carry one more decimal place than is present in the original set of values. |
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| Data is symmetric if the left half of its histogram is roughly a mirror image of its right half. |
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| Data is skewed if it is not symmetric and if it extends more to one side than the other. |
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the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of a given set of data (max. value) - (min. value) |
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| a measure of variation of values about the mean in a given set of sample values |
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a measure of variation equal to the square of the standard deviation in a given set of values.
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| What's the symbol for a Sample Variance? |
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s2 which is the square of the standard deviation, s. |
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| What's the symbol for Population Variance? |
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σ2 which is the square of the population standard deviation, σ. |
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| What's the formula for Estimation of Standard Deviation Range? |
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s= standard deviation range = (max. value) - (min. value) s ≈ Range 4
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the number of standard deviations that a given value x is above or below the mean
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| Whenever a value is less than the mean, its corresponding z score is positive or negative? |
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(First Quartile) separates the bottom 25% of sorted values from the top 75%. |
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(Second Quartile) same as the median; separates the bottom 50% of sorted values from the top 50%. |
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(Third Quartile) separates the bottom 75% of sorted values from the top 25%. |
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There are how many quartiles seperating data into four parts? Similarly, there are how many percentiles seperating data into 100 groups? |
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3 Quartiles into 4 parts 99 percentiles (P1-99 ) into 100 groups |
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| Exploratory Data Analysis |
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the process of using statistical tools (such as graphs, measures of center, and measures of variation) to investigate data sets in order to understand their important characteristics
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a value that is located very far away from almost all of the other values.
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| What is included in the 5-number summary? |
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the minimum value the first quartile Q1 the median (or second quartile Q2) the third quartile, Q3 and the maximum value
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| graph of a data set that consists of a line extending from the minimum value to the maximum value, and a box with lines drawn at the first quartile, Q1; the median; and the third quartile, Q3 |
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