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Statistics
Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8
32
Mathematics
Undergraduate 2
02/18/2011

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Term
Categorical Variables
Definition
Those that divide subjects into groups, but do not allow any sort of mathematical operations to be.
performed on the data. Include Nominal and ordinal variables
Term
Nominal Variables
Definition
Categorical Variables for which the categories do not have a natural ordering
Term
Ordinal Variables
Definition
Categorical Variable for which the categories have a natural ordering
Term
Measurement Variables
Definition
AKA quantitative variables. Those for which the responses are meaningful numeric values; includes interval variables and ratio variables
Term
Interval variables
Definition
Measurement variables for which differences are consistent, but ratios are not
Term
Ratio Variables
Definition
Measurement variables for which ratios are consistent
Term
Valid measurement
Definition
Measures what it claims to measure
Term
Reliable Measurement
Definition
Gives approximately the same result when repeated on the same subject
Term
Variability
Definition
The tendency of measurements to be different for different subjects or for the same subject at different times
Term
Measurement Variables can be described as discrete or continuous.
Definition
Discrete means those with a countable number of possible responses, and continuous means those that may assume any number in some interval. Every fraction is a possible value.
Term
Sampling error
Definition
Random chance that it's not accurate
Term
Non-sampling error
Definition
Poor methods, non-response people
Term
Margin of Error
Definition
Measures sampling error. 1/(square root) n
Term
n
Definition
Sample size
Term
Population proportion
Definition
Percentage of the population of measurements that falls into a certain range. Symbolized by "p"
Term
Sample proportion or percentage
Definition
Symbolized by: "ˆp"
Term
Unit
Definition
Single or individual object
Term
Frame
Definition
A list of units from which the sample is chosen
Term
Population
Definition
Collection of all units of potential interest
Term
Sample
Definition
Collection of units upon which we actually take measurements
Term
Census
Definition
A survey in which the entire population is measured; the US census is not a true census, only an attempt
Term
Simple, random samples
Definition
Everyone involved has an equal chance of being tested

Ex. Each of 400 seats is written on a poker chip in a hopper, 30 are selected
Term
Stratified random sample
Definition
Divide the population into group and then collect a simple random sample.

Ex. Each of the 400 seat designations are written on poker chips, the chips for the east section are put in one hopper and the chips for the west are put in another hopper. 15 chips are selected from each hopper and the students sitting in the seats corresponding to those seats are chosen.
Term
Systematic Sample
Definition
Consecutive sample, such as picking every 3 seat of each row
Term
Cluster Sample
Definition
The population is sorted into groups/clusters and then a random sample of clusters is selected.
Term
Multistage sample
Definition
Uses a variety of sampling techniques.
Term
Response variable (RESP)
Definition
The RESP is the primary measurement of interest. Usually a study considers only one RESP
Term
Explanatory variables (EXPL) or factors
Definition
An EXPL is other information about each subject that may explain why the subject differ with respect to the RESP. Studies often consider several EXPL
Term
Experiment
Definition
An experiment is a study in which the EXPL is controlled/manipulated by the researcher. An EXPL whose value is determined/set by the researcher is called a "treatment"
Term
Observational studies
Definition
An observational study is a study in which the value of the EXPL in an observational study is not controlled of manipulated by the researcher
Term
Confounding variable
Definition
A confounding variable is a variable that is related to both the EXPL (group membership) and the RESP. A confounding variable is an extraneous difference in the groups
Term
Interacting variable
Definition
A variable that interacts with the EXPL is a variable that changes the way the groups compare with respect to the RESP. Two variables are said to interact if the effect one variable has on RESP depends on the value of the other variable
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