Term
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Definition
notochord induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate
Neural plate - neural tube and NC cells
Notochrod - nucleus pulpous of spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
"Forebrain" (Pro Touchdown)
Telencephalon > cerebral hemisoheres
Diencephalon > thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
"Midbrain"
Mesencephalon > Midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
"Hindbrain" (Have you met my aunt Rhonda?)
Metencephalon > Pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon > Medulla |
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Term
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Definition
Inc AFP in amniotic fluid
Inc AchE is a confirmatory test |
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Term
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Definition
Malformation of the anterior NT, no forebrain
Inc AFP, polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain)
*Associated with maternal diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Failure of the L and R hemispheres to separate
During weeks 5-6
Mutations i Sonic Hedgehog gene signaling pathways
Moderate form has cleft lip/palate, severe is cyclopia |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation |
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Definition
Tonisllar and vermian herniation through FM
Aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus
Presents with throaco-lumbar myelomeningocele and paralysis |
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Term
| Dandy Walker Malformation |
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Definition
Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement go 4th ventricle
Assoc hydrocephalus and spina bifida |
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Term
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Definition
Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord
*Damage to crossing fibers first
*cape like distribution of bilateral pain and temp loss
Assoc with Chiari 1 Malformatiom |
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Term
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Definition
1st branchial arch forms ant 2/3
3rd and 4th branchial arches form post 1/3
Motor innervation to tongue via 12
"1 mandible in 7, has 3/4 of teeth = 9, 12 being normal"
Arch= A(1), P(3/4)
Sens= A(V3), P(9)
Taste= A(7), P(9) |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS neurons, Scwhann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Microglia, like macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Cell bodies and dendrites can be stained with Nissel substance (stains RER)
*no RER in axon |
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Term
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Definition
Physical support, repair, K metabolism, removal of excess NT, maintenance of BBB, Reactive gliosis in response to injury
Astocyte marker- GFAP |
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Term
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Definition
CNS phagocytes, mesodermal origin
Small irregular nuclei, little cytoplasm
Respond to damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells
*HIV infected cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Saltatory conduction between nodes of rangier, where there are high concentrations of Na channels |
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Term
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Definition
Each cell myelinated multiple CNS axons
Appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm
Predominant cell type of glial cell in white matter
*fried egg cells on H&E stain |
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Term
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Definition
Each cell only melinates one axon
Promotes axonal regeneration
Inc conduction via saltatory conduction
High concentrations of Na channels, between nodes
*destroyed in Guillain-Barre |
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Term
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Definition
Pain and temperature
C- slow, unmyelinated fibers
Adelta- fast, myelinated fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Large, myelinated
*hairless skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch; proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
Large, myelinated fibers "onion"
Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
Vibration, pressure
"Pack it in deep to prevent vibration and pressure" |
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Term
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Definition
Large myelinated fibers, adapt slowly
Hair follicles
Pressure, deep static touch, position sense |
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Term
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Definition
Endoneurium- single nerve fiber layers (inflammatory infiltrate with guillan barre)
Perineurium- Surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers. Must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Epineurium- dense CT that surrounds entire nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Inc anxiety, dec depression
*locus ceruleus (pons) |
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Term
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Definition
Inc schizophrenia, Dec in parkinsons and depression
In Ventral Tegmentum and SNc (midbrain) |
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Term
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Definition
Dec anxiety, dec depression
Raphe Nucleus (Pons) |
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Term
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Definition
Dec in Alzheimers and huntingtons, Inc in REM sleep
Basal Nucleus of Meynert |
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Term
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Definition
Dec anxiety, dec Huntingtons
Nucleus Accumbens |
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Term
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Definition
Tight junctions between nonfenestrated capp endothelial cell
BM
Astrocyte foot processes
*Glucose and AA cross via carrier mediated transport
*nonpolar/lipid soluble substances can cross rapidly via diffusion |
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Term
| Brain regions with fenestrated capillaries |
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Definition
Area postrema- vomiting after chemo
OVLT- osmotic sensing
Neurohypophysis- secretes ADH right into blood |
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Term
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Definition
Thirt and water balance
Adenohypophysis
Neuroypophysis
Hunger
Autonomic regulation
Temperature
Sexual urges
Supraoptic nucleus- makes ADH
Paraventricular nucleus- makes oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral area, ventromedial area, anterior hypothalamus, posterior hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Hunger, inhibited by Leptin
Destruction leads to anorexia
"If you zap your lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally" |
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Term
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Definition
Satiety, stimulated by leptin
Destruction leads to hyperphagia
"If you zap the VM area you grow ventrally and medially" |
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Term
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Definition
Cooling, parasympathetic
A/C= cool off |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Circadian Rhythym, master clock |
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Term
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Definition
Receives hypothalamic axonal projections
Supraoptic- ADH
Paraventricular- Oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, VL
Major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
Spinothalamic, dorsal columns/medial lemniscus
Pain and temperature; pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception
Primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Face sensation and taste
Primary somtatosensory cortex
"Makeup goes on the face" |
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Term
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Definition
CN2
Vision
Calcarine sulcus
(Lateral = light) |
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Term
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Definition
Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Hearing
Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
(medial= music) |
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Term
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Definition
Basal ganglia
Motor
Motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Emotion, long term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation and autonomic nervous system function
Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus
*Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and fucking |
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Term
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Definition
Modulates movement
Deep Nuclei (lateral to medial)- dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
Lateral- voluntary movement of extremities
*Fall towards injured side
Medial- balance, truncal coordination |
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Term
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Definition
contralateral cortex (middle cerebellar peduncle)
ipsilateral proprioceptive information (inf cerebellar peduncle)
All done by mossy and climbing fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Sends information to contralateral cortex to modulate movement
Done by purkinje fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Important in voluntary movements and making postural adjustments
Striatum- putamen + caudate
Lentiform- putamen + globus pallidus
D1 receptor= direct |
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Term
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Definition
SNc > neo striatum > inhibitory to the GPi and GPe
GPe > STN inhibitory > GPi excitatory
GPi > thalamus > cortex > etc.
Excitatory- Stim release of GABA which disinhibits the thalamus vis GPi/SNr (INC motion)
Inhibitory- stim striatum, which disinhibits STN via GPe and STN stimulates GPi to inhibit thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Degenerative disorder of the CNS assoc with Lewey bodies (composed of a-synuclein) and loss of DA neurons in substantia nigra pars compact |
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Term
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Definition
AD trinuc repeat disorder (CAG)
Chorea, aggression, depression and dementia
*neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
Atrophy of stratal nuclei
Caudate loses Ach and GABA |
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Term
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Definition
Wild flailing of one are and ipsilateral leg
Contralateral subthalamic nuclei (lacunar stroke) |
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Term
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Definition
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Assoc with HSV-1 |
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Term
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Definition
Spatial Neglect Syndrome
Agnosia of the other half of the world
Gerstmann Syndrome
Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, L+R discrimination |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
| Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Confusions, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss, confabulation, personality changes
*Assoc with thiamine deficiency, EtOH use
*can be precipitated by giving glucose without B1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Fall toward side of lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Truncal ataxia, dysarthria |
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Term
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Definition
| Contralateral hemiballimsus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Eyes look away from the side of the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Eyes look towards the side of the lesion |
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Term
| Central Pontine Myelinosis |
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Definition
Overly rapid correction of Na levels
Can cause locked in syndrome: Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and LOC
Massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Nonfluent- unable to speak, but can comprehend just fine
Inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Fluent aphasia- impaired comprehension, babbling
Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Non fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
Both areas affected |
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Term
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Definition
Poor repetition but fluent speech, intact comprehension
Damage to the arcuate fasiculus |
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Term
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Definition
- Contralateral paralysis of upper limb and face
- Contralateral loss of sensation upper limb and face
- Aphasia if in the dominant hemisphere. Hemineglect if in the non dominant hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
- contralateral paralysis lower limb
- contralateral loss of sensation lower limb |
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Term
| Lateral striate artery Stroke |
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Definition
Striatum, internal capsule
- contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia
Common location of lacunar infarcts |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, caudal medulla
- contralateral hemiparesis lower limbs
- contralateral dec proprioception
- ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue deviates ipsi) |
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Term
| Medial medullary syndrome |
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Definition
| infarct of the paramedian branches of ASA and vertebral artery, commonly bilateral |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral medulla
- vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, dec pain temp on limbs and face, dysphagia, hoarseness, dec gag reflex; ipsilateral horners, ataxia, dysmetria |
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Term
| Lateral Medullary Syndrome |
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Definition
| Nucleus ambiguous effects are unique to PICA |
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Term
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Definition
Lateral pons, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
- vomiting, nystagmus, paralysis of face, dec lacrimation, dec taste from ant/2/3 tongue, dec corneal reflex, dec pain and temp on face, ipsilateral hearing decrease, horners |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial nucleus effects are specific to AICA |
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Term
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Definition
Occipital cortex, visual cortex
- contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing |
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Term
| Anterior communicating artery Stroke |
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Definition
common site of berry aneurysm
- visual field defects |
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Term
| Posterior communicating artery stroke |
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Definition
common site of berry aneurysm
- CN 3 palsy (down and out) |
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Term
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Definition
Bifurcations in the circle of willis
Rupture leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage or hemorrhagic stroke
Can cause bitemporal hemianopia via compression of the optic chasm
Assoc with ADPKD, Ehler's Danlos and Marfans |
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Term
| Charcot Bouchard Aneurysm |
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Definition
Assoc with chronic HTN, affects small vessels
Basal ganglia, thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Rupture of the middle meningeal artery, branch of maxillary
Lucid interval
CN 3 palsy
*lentiform collection, not crossing suture lines |
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Term
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Definition
Rupture of bridging veins. Slow venous bleeding
Seen in elderly individuals, alcoholics, shaken baby
*crescent shaped crosses suture lines
Midline shift, cannot cross falx |
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Term
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Definition
Rupture of an aneurysm such as berry or an AVM
Worst HA of my life
Bloody or yellow spinal tap 2-3 days afterwards
Risk of vasospasm due to blood breakdown |
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Term
| Intraparencymal hemorrhage |
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Definition
Most commonly caused by systemic HTN
Also seen with amyloid angiopathy.
Occurs in basal ganglia and internal capsule |
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Term
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Definition
Irreversible damage begins after 5 min of hypoxia
Most vulnerable: hippocampus, neorcortex, cerebellum, watershed areas
12-48: red neurons
24-72: necrosis and neutrophils
3-5d: macrophages
1-2wk: gliosis, vascular proliferation
2wek: glial scar |
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