Term
| What muscles make up the "washboard" effect of the abdomen? |
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Definition
| External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Rectus Abdominis, and Transversus abdominis with linea semilunaris, linia alba, and intertendinous connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vertical line of fascia from the sternum to the symphasis. |
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Term
| What is the Linea semilunaris? |
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Definition
| A moon shaped line of fascia created by the different layers of anterior abdominal wall fused together. Located on either side of the rectus abdominis. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin: External surfaces of 5th-12 ribs Insertion:Linea alba, pubic tubercle, and anterior half of iliac crest. Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves and subcostal nerves T7-T11 VPR External oblique folds over itself and creates a lumen within the inguinal ligament.) |
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Term
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Definition
Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, and lateral half of inguinal ligament. Starts laterally and moves medially. Insertion: Inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs, linea alba, and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon. Innervation: thoracoabdominal nerves and first lumbar nerves (VPR) Action: compress and support abdominal viscera, flex, and rotate trunk.(same side rotation) Skeletal fibers end at the linea semilunaris, and fascia continues into the linea alba. Innervation VPR of low thoracic and high lumbar branches of lumbosacral nervous plexus. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest Insertion: Xiphoid process and 5-7th costal cartilages Innervation: VPR of thoracoabdominal nerves. Action: Flexes trunk and compresses abdominal visceral, stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A. Iliac Crest B. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine C. Posterior superior iliac spine |
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Term
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Definition
| Pubis with pubic tubercle and pubic crest. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Deepest anterior abdominal muscle. Origin: Internal surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of inguinal ligament. Insertion: Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon. Innervation: thoracoabdominal nerves and first lumbar nerves. Action: Compresses and supports abdominal viscera. |
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Term
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Definition
Created by the infolding of the external oblique muscle. Origin: ASIS Insertion: Pubic tubercle Lumen contains a neurovascular bundle. Including ileoinguinal nerve. The testes descend out of abdominal cavity with fascia into inguinal ligament down and into the scrotum. |
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Term
| What is the importance of the inguinal ligament for men? |
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Definition
| Deep-near ASIS is the deep inguinal ring. Testes descend down inguinal ring into Superficial inguinal ring. |
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Term
| What is the importance of the inguinal ligament for women? |
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Definition
| The round ligament in inguinal canal helps support the uterus in pelvic cavity. The ligament comes lateral into inguinal ligament, exits inguinal canal and attaches to pubic symphasis. Round ligament is a support ligament for uterus. Everything else is the same as in men. (all done by external abdominal oblique inserting on itself) |
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Term
| What is a common problem with Internal abdominal oblique muscles? |
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Definition
| Hernias can occur from overexertion. It happens most commonly in men. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin: Off last floating rib Insertion: Superior border of coxal bone and each transverse process of lumbar vertebrae. Innervation: VPR of lumbosacral plexus Action: Unilaterally flexes; extends and hyperextends intervertebral joints. |
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Term
| What are the actions of all abdominal muscles? |
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Definition
| Flexion of the trunk, same side rotation, and pressure of the abdominal contents. (micturation, defication, etc.) |
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Term
| Why is the lower anterior abdominal wall more vulnerable? |
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Definition
| Below the umbilicus: fascia no longer goes posterior to the rectus abdominis. It goes anteriorly only. Low abdominal wall, therefore, becomes weaker and more susceptible to injury. |
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Term
| What organ is directly below the diaphragm and causes your abdomen to protrude during normal breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the spleen located? |
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Definition
| The upper left part of the abdomen. |
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Term
| What makes up the Coxal bone? |
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Definition
| The ilium, ischium, and pubis |
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Term
| Explain the two openings in the inguinal canal |
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Definition
| There is one at each end of the canal: The deep (internal) inguinal ring is where the vas deferens and testicular vessels or the round ligament of uterus in females passes to enter the inguinal canal. The superficial (external) inguinal ring is the exit where the spermatic cord in males or the round ligament in females emerges from the inguinal canal. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin: Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments. Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur and shaft inferior to it, and to psoas major tendon. Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4) Action: Flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint, acts with psoas major |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction between small and large intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the splenic fexure. It is a sharp turn in the intestines near the spleen that serves as a landmark where vagus stops being a player in the parasympathetic system, and the splenchnic nerves begin to take care of the rest of the parasympathetic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The covering over most of the organs and intestines in the abdominal cavity. There is the visceral peritoneal which is the layer directly over the organs, and the parietal peritoneal which is the outer layer. |
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Term
| What is a retroperitineum structure? |
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Definition
| A structure that only has one side covered by peritoneum. An example is the kidneys laying in the posterior wall between peritoneal membrane and the wall of your back. |
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Term
| What are the parts of the duodenum? |
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Definition
| There are four: Superior part, descending part, horizontal part, ascending part into jejunum. Half of the duodenum is introperitoneal and half is retroperitoneal |
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Term
| What are the two courses that the blood could take off the aorta to the lower part of the body? |
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Definition
| 1. into paired arteries to tissues. 2. as an unpaired artery (3 major- proximal one is the celiac trunk artery, superior mesentery artery, inferior mesenteric artery) |
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Term
Where does the biliary system empty?
What is the opening? |
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Definition
Into the descending (third area) of duodeum.
It goes to the duodenal papillae. (usually 1, could be 2) |
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Term
| What is the duodenojejunal flexure? |
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Definition
| The acute angle that the duodenojejunal junction forms. |
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Term
1. What is the greater omentum? 2. What is the lesser omentum? |
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Definition
1. a prominent peritoneal fold that hangs down like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum. After descending, it folds back and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentery. 2. connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver. It also connects the stomach to a triad of structures that run between the duodenum and liver in the free edge of the lesser omentum. |
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Term
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Definition
thick superficial layer of anterior abdominal wall. It is areolar in texture, and contains in its meshes a varying quantity of adipose tissue. It is found superficial to Scarpa's fascia. In the male, Camper’s fascia is continued over the penis and outer surface of the spermatic cord to the scrotum In the female, Camper’s fascia is continued from the abdomen into the labia majora. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deep layer of fascia in the anterior abdominal wall. It is thicker than the fascia of Camper. |
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Term
| Suspensory ligament of penis |
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Definition
| Deep fascia that arises from the anterior surface of the pubic symphysis. It passes inferiorly and splits to form a sling that is attached to the deep fascia of the penis at the junction of its root and body. It anchors the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis. |
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Term
What makes up the sheath of rectus abdominis? |
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Definition
Linea alba Linea semilunaris anterior lamina posterior lamina aponeurosis |
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Term
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Definition
a horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. It is also where the inferior epigastric vessels perforates the rectus abdominus. Occurs about 1/3 the distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest. Above the arcuate line, the rectus abdominis is covered anteriorly from external oblique aponeurosis, and anterior lamina of internal oblique, and posteriorly by the posterior lamina of the internal oblique and transverse abdominal aponeurosis. Inferior to the arcuate line, rectus abdominis rests directly onto the transversalis fascia |
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Term
Where do the posterior lamina, and anterior lamina come from
? |
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Definition
| Comes from the internal oblique aponeurosis. |
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Term
| What part of the rectus sheath does the superior 2/3 of the internal oblique aponeurosis contribute to? |
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Definition
| It splits into two layers (or laminae) at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis. One lamina goes anterior and joins the aponeurosis of the external oblique to form the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. The other goes posterior and joins the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle to form the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. |
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Term
| What part of the rectus sheath does the external oblique aponeurosis contribute to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What vessels are found in the rectus sheath? |
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Definition
| superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels and distal portions of the thoracoabdominal nerves (vpr of t7-t12). |
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Term
| What is the rectus sheath? |
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Definition
| strong, incomplete fibrous compartment of the rectus abdominis and pyrimidalis muscles. It is formed by the interweaving of the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles. |
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Term
Why is the area below the umbilicus more vulnerable than above it? |
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Definition
About 1/3 the distance from umbilicus to the pubic crest, the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominis to form an anterior layer of rectus sheath, leaving only the thin transversalis fascia to cover the rectus abdominis posteriorly. |
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Term
| Explain the path of the greater Splanchnic nerve |
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Definition
| Travels through the diaphragm and enters abdominal cavity where its fibers synapse at the celiac ganglia. It contributes to the celiac plexus. The fibers in this nerve modulate the activity of the enteric nervous system of the foregut, and provide sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla stimulating catecholamine release. |
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Term
| Explain the path of the lesser Splanchnic nerve. |
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Definition
| Travels inferiorly, lateral to the greater splanchnic nerve. Fibers synapse with their postganglionic counterparts in the celiac ganglia or in the aorticorenal ganglion. nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of the midgut. |
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Term
| Explain the pathway of the least Splanchnic nerve |
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Definition
| Travels into the abdomen, where its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia. |
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Term
| What type of nervous system are the Abdominopelvic Splanchnic nerves a part of? |
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Definition
They are presynaptic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. They also convey visceral afferent fibers, which are not part of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
Where do the lower thoracic Splanchnic nerves originate? a. greater b. lesser c. least |
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Definition
a. T5-T9 or T10 level b. T10-T11 level c. T12 level |
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Term
| What supplies autonomic innervation to the abdominal viscera? |
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Definition
| Splanchnic nerves and the vagus nerve supply presynaptic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to the abdominal aortic plexus and its associated sympathetic ganglia. The periarterial extensions of these plexuses deliver postsynaptic sympathetic and the continuations of the parasympathetic fibers to the abdominal viscera where intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia occur. |
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Term
| What are the lower thoracic splanchnic nerves and what ganglia do they supply? |
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Definition
| The greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves arise from the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunks and pierce the corresponding crus of the diaphragm to convey presynaptic sympathetic fibers to the celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticorenal(prevertebral) sympathetic ganglia. |
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Term
| What is the route of the lumbar splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| They arise from the abdominal part of the sympathetic trunks. Medially, they give rise to 3-4 splanchnic nerves which pass to the intermesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and superior hypogastric plexuses, conveying presynaptic sympathetic fibers to the associated prevertebral ganglia of those plexuses. |
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Term
| What makes up the parasympathetic root of the celiac plexus? |
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Definition
| it is a branch of the posterior vagal trunk which contains fibers from the right and left vagus nerves. |
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Term
| What makes up the sympathetic root of the celiac plexus? |
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Definition
| greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. |
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Term
| Explain the superior mesenteric plexus |
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Definition
| It has one median root which is a branch of the celiac plexus, and two lateral roots that arise from the lesser and least splanchnic nerves. |
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Term
| Explain the inferior mesenteric plexus |
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Definition
| It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery and gives offshoots to its branches. It recieves a medial root from the intermesenteric plexus and lateral roots from the lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunks. |
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Term
| Explain the intermesenteric plexus |
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Definition
| This one is part of the aortic plexus of nerves between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. It gives rise to renal, testicular or ovarian, and ureteric plexuses. |
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Term
| Explain the superior hypogastric plexus |
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Definition
| It is continuous with the intermesenteric plexus and the inferior mesenteric plexus and lies anterior to the inferior part of the abdominal aorta. Right and left hypogasteric nerves join the superior hypogasteric plexus to the inferior hypogastric plexus. supplies ureteric and testicular plexuses and a plexus on each common iliac artery. |
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Term
| Explain the inferior hypogastric plexus |
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Definition
| Formed by hypogastric nerve from superior hypogastric plexus. Right and left plexuses are situated on the sides of the rectum, uterine cervix, and urinary bladder. Recieve small branches from the superior sacral sympathetic ganglia and the sacral parasympathetic outflow from S2-S4 sacral spinal nervesl Extensions send autonomic fibers along blood vessels, which form visceral plexuses on the walls of the pelvic viscera. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on the liver, it is composed of two layers of peritoneum. It is attached to the undersurface of the diaphragm, and to the posterior part of the right rectus sheath and as far down as the umbilicus. Its right margin extends from the notch of the anterior margin of the liver, back to the posterior surface of the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| has three round ligaments and is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. |
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