Term
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Definition
| To the left of the body or structure being studied |
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Term
|
Definition
| To the right of the body or structure being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the side; away from the midsagittal plane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toward the midsagittal plane; away from the side |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toward the front of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toward the back (rear) of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the top of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the bottom of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Along (or toward) the vertebral surface of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Along (or toward) the belly surface of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the trunk (describes relative position in a limb or other appendage) |
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Term
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Definition
| Away from the trunk or point of attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward an internal organ; away from the outer wall (describes positions inside a body cavity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the wall; away from the internal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to an inner region; or medulla |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an outer region, or cortex |
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Term
| Anatomy is often defined as... |
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Definition
| the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. |
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Term
| The word anatomy is derived from... |
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Definition
| two Greek words that mean "a cutting up." |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the structure of the human body. |
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Term
| Modern anatomy started... |
|
Definition
| during the Renaissance in Europe with the Flemish scientist Andreas Vesalius and his contemporaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first to apply a scientific method to the study of the human body. |
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Term
| Atoms and molecules are often referred to as... |
|
Definition
| the chemical level of organization. |
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Term
| Cells are considered to be... |
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Definition
| the smallest "living" units of structure and function in our body. i.e. the simplest units of living matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function. |
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Term
| Cells are held together and surrounded by... |
|
Definition
| various amounts and varieties of gluelike, nonliving intercellular substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function. |
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Term
| Some tissues and most organs are _____ (large) structures that can be seen easily without a microscope. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body. |
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Term
| The anatomical position is... |
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Definition
| a reference position in which the body is in an erect or standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. The head and feet also point forward. |
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Term
| In the supine position the body is... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the prone position the body is... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most complex units that make up the body: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of several different kinds of tissues arranged to perform a special function: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest "living" units of structure and function in the body: |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toward the midline of the body: |
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Definition
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Term
| Farthest from the point of origin of a body point: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Toward the side of the body: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a reasonable guess based on previous informal observations or on previously tested explanations. |
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|
Term
| experimental controls are used to... |
|
Definition
| ensure that the test situation itself is not affecting the results. |
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|
Term
| Experimentation requires... |
|
Definition
| accurate measurement and recording of data. |
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|
Term
| Initial experimental results are published in... |
|
Definition
| scientific journals so that other researchers can benefit from them and verify them. |
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|
Term
| A hypothesis that has gained a high level of confidence is called... |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major levels of organization in the body? |
|
Definition
| Chemical level; Cellular level; Tissue level; Organ level |
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|
Term
| How is a tissue different from an organ? |
|
Definition
| Tissues are an organization of many similar cells; whereas organs are groups of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function |
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|
Term
| What is the anatomical position? |
|
Definition
| The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions. |
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|
Term
| Why are the anatomical directions listed in pairs? |
|
Definition
| They describe relative positions of the body and are placed in pairs to understand them better. |
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|
Term
| A sagittal cut or section is... |
|
Definition
a lengthwise plane running from front to back.
It divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| divides the body into two equal halves. |
|
|
Term
| A frontal (coronal) plane... |
|
Definition
| is a lengthwise plane running from side to side. |
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Term
|
Definition
| divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a horizontal or crosswise plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions. |
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|
Term
| The two major body cavities are called... |
|
Definition
| the ventral and dorsal body cavities. |
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|
Term
| The upper part of the ventral cavity includes... |
|
Definition
the thoracic cavity.
Its midportion is a subdivision of the thoracic cavity, called the mediastinum; its other subdivisions are called the right and left pleural cavities. |
|
|
Term
| The lower part of the ventral cavity includes... |
|
Definition
an abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.
Actually, they form only one cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity, because no physical partition separates them. |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm separates... |
|
Definition
| the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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|
Term
| Upper abdominopelvic regions – |
|
Definition
| the right and left hypochondriac regions and the epigastric region lie above the level of the ninth rib cartilages. |
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|
Term
| Middle abdominopelvic regions – |
|
Definition
| the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region lie below the level of the ninth rib cartilages and above the top of the hip bones. |
|
|
Term
| Lower abdominopelvic regions - |
|
Definition
| the right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions and the hypogastric region lie below the abdomen at the level of the top of the hip bones. |
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|
Term
| The midsagittal and transverse planes pass through the navel (umbilicus) and divide the abdominopelvic region into the following four quadrants: |
|
Definition
| right upper or superior, right lower or inferior, left upper or superior, and left lower or inferior. |
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|
Term
| The dorsal cavity includes... |
|
Definition
| the space inside the skull that contains the brain, called the cranial cavity and the space inside the spinal column that contains the spinal cord, called the spinal cavity. |
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|
Term
| The cranial and spinal cavities are ______ cavities, whereas the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are _______ cavities. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Trachea, heart, blood vessels |
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|
Term
| Pleural cavities organs = |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine, lower (sigmoid) colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by a section of the body? |
|
Definition
| Section is a description used to describe the subdivisions or smaller segments of the body |
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|
Term
| What are the two major cavities of the body? |
|
Definition
| Ventral and dorsal body cavities |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between the abdominal cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity? |
|
Definition
| The abdominal cavity only looks at the abdomen; the abdominopelvic cavity is the inclusion of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
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|
Term
| The body can be subdivided into two major portions or components: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The axial portion of the body consists of... |
|
Definition
| the head, neck, and torso or trunk. |
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|
Term
| The appendicular portion of the body consists of... |
|
Definition
| the upper and lower extremities |
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|
Term
| The torso is composed of ________, _________, and ______ areas. |
|
Definition
| thoracic, abdominal, pelvic |
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|
Term
| The upper extremity is divided into ___, _______, _____, and ____ components. |
|
Definition
| arm, forearm, wrist, hand |
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|
Term
| The word leg refers to... |
|
Definition
| the area of the lower extremity between the knee and ankle and not the entire lower extremity. |
|
|
Term
| With advancing age, there is a generalized decrease in size or a wasting away of many body organs and tissues. This degenerative process is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the axial portion of the body and the appendicular portion of the body? |
|
Definition
| The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and torso or trunk; the appendicular portion consists of the upper and lower extremities. |
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Term
| What are some of the regions of the upper extremity and lower extremity? |
|
Definition
| Upper extremity is divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand components. Lower extremity is the leg, ankle, and foot components. |
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Term
| The anatomical position is used as... |
|
Definition
| a reference position when the body is dissected into planes, regions, or cavities. |
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|
Term
| The very survival of the body depends on the successful maintenance of... |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "front" or "in front of." |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, _______ (toward the belly) can be used in place of anterior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, ______ (toward the back) can be used in place of posterior. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "toward the midline of the body." |
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Term
|
Definition
| "toward the side of the body or away from its midline." |
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Term
|
Definition
| "toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts." |
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Term
|
Definition
| "away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part." |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farther away from the body surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the body area between the diaphragm and pelvis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to fingers and toes |
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Term
|
Definition
| referring to the back; opposite of ventral; in humans, the posterior is dorsal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lower back, between the ribs and pelvis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the area between the anus and genitals; the perineum |
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the sole of the foot |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the chest area of the body (upper trunk) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relative constancy of the internal environment. |
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|
Term
| The cells live in an internal environment made up mostly of... |
|
Definition
| water combined with salts and other dissolved substances. |
|
|
Term
| The basic type of control system in the body is called a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain (_______ ______) receives feedback information from nerve endings called cold receptors (_______) and responds by counteracting a change from normal by activating shivering by muscles (_________). |
|
Definition
| control center, sensors, effectors |
|
|
Term
| Organization of the body is described by... |
|
Definition
| cavities, planes, regions, and position. |
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|
Term
| ____________ is the component that helps provide a state of homeostasis throughout life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our survival is dependent on the stability of... |
|
Definition
| the chemical composition of our body fluids. |
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|
Term
| The ________ ________ ____ and the ________ ________ ____ assist the body to remain within the normal limits of good health. |
|
Definition
| positive feedback loop, negative feedback loop |
|
|
Term
| How many cells die in the human body every minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anatomical position serves as... |
|
Definition
| a reference position when dissecting the body into planes, regions, or cavities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) positions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the body into right and left sections. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections. |
|
|
Term
| The basic type of control system in the body is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative and positive feedback loops work independently to... |
|
Definition
| provide the inhibitory or stimulatory mechanisms required to maintain homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback or negative feedback loops... |
|
Definition
reverse a body response back to a normal state or homeostasis.
They are stabilizing and inhibitory. |
|
|
Term
| Positive feedback or positive feedback loops... |
|
Definition
| promote change from a normal state and are not frequently used in a healthy body. |
|
|
Term
The contractions of the uterus during childbirth and the blood clotting process
are two examples of... |
|
Definition
| positive feedback loops that provide assistance to the body without causing harm. |
|
|
Term
| List the 11 major organ systems of the body. |
|
Definition
| Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Urinary, Cardiovascular, Nervous |
|
|
Term
| The integumentary system is a term used to denote... |
|
Definition
| the skin and its appendages. |
|
|
Term
| The skin, or cutaneous membrane, is considered an organ and has two layers: |
|
Definition
The outer layer, or epidermis
The inner layer, or dermis |
|
|
Term
| The appendages of the skin include accessory structures such as... |
|
Definition
| the hair, nails, and glands. |
|
|
Term
| Each square inch of human skin contains __ feet of blood vessels! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skeletal system consists of... |
|
Definition
| the bones and joints and related tissues such as cartilage and ligaments. |
|
|
Term
| The 206 bones in the adult skeleton provide: |
|
Definition
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage of calcium
Producing blood cells in the red marrow of certain bones |
|
|
Term
| The ____ contain one quarter of all the bones in the human body! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary and provides movement under conscious control. |
|
|
Term
| Individual skeletal muscles are... |
|
Definition
| the organs of the muscular system. |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle, also known as... |
|
Definition
| visceral muscle, is involuntary and is found in organs such as the stomach and small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac muscle is found... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jaw muscles can provide about ___ pounds of force to bring the back teeth together for chewing! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nervous system is made up of two main divisions: |
|
Definition
The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| The nervous system functions to... |
|
Definition
| communicate, coordinate, and direct bodily functions. |
|
|
Term
| There are __ miles of nerves in the skin of a human being! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system consists of: |
|
Definition
Glands, which are located throughout the body and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Hormones, which control growth, metabolism, and reproduction and play important roles in stress, infection, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance |
|
|
Term
| The cardiovascular (circulatory) system consists of the: |
|
Definition
Heart, which serves as a pump to maintain an adequate flow of blood
Blood vessels, which serve as a closed system of ducts to transport blood beginning and ending at the heart |
|
|
Term
| The heart and blood vessels function together to... |
|
Definition
| push blood to and from the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. |
|
|
Term
| The circulatory system manages the... |
|
Definition
delivery of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products by way of:
Arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, which carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to nourish the body
Veins and venules, which carry oxygen-poor blood back through the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of wastes |
|
|
Term
___ _______ ________ miles of blood vessels make up the elaborate transportation system that circulates materials
for energy, growth, and repair and eliminates wastes from your body each day of your life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system performs a critical role in... |
|
Definition
| the body's defense against disease and in the functioning of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system consists of: |
|
Definition
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Specialized organs such as the tonsils, thymus, and spleen |
|
|
Term
The lymphatic system is not a closed system of vessels like the circulatory system.
Instead,... |
|
Definition
| lymph fluid flows through the lymphatic vessels and eventually empties into the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system helps to defend the body against an average of __ _______ bacteria on each square inch of skin! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory system consists of the: |
|
Definition
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| The organs of the respiratory system promote the exchange of gases so that... |
|
Definition
| adequate oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body. |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory system is actively involved in regulating the... |
|
Definition
| acid-base balance of the body. |
|
|
Term
| The digestion and absorption of nutrients is the function of the _________ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
