The "cause" of a disease

May be infectious, genetic, traumatic...

Secretes mucous that traps pathogens

Mucocilliatory escalator removes pathogens

Acid in the stomach destroys pathogens

Colon has a "friendly bacteria" that inhibit pathogens

White blood cell

Concentrated in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

White blood cells

Located in the blood stream and most tissues

 Engulf foreign matter & destroy it

Can be activated to focus and intensify its activity

Release growth factor

Lymphocytes have receptors on their cell wall that will recognize specific amino acid sequences

Once the lymphocyte binds to the antigen, it is activated

 Activated lymphocytes release antibodies

An antibody binds to an antigen to form an immune complex

Immune complexes are a target for macrophages

Macrophages will engulf the pathogen and destroy it

Threat ended

Antigens similar to an antigen found in the virus or bacteria

Once injected, the body will make antibodies against it that will stay in the body forever and prevent future infections

Because the antigen is not the actual virus, there is no risk of getting an infection

Found in all tissues of the body

Activated by trauma

Release HISTAMINE

Blood vessels dialate leading to more blood flow

Causes redness and warmth

Blood vessels leak fluid leading to swelling

Causes pressure on nerves leading to pain

 Macrophages

Damaged tissue releases chemicals

Attracts macrophages

Macrophages come in and destroy pathogens

Cleans up the dead tissue

Have a short lifespan

Dead WBC's accumulate to make pus

Area of inflammation to the superficial tissues

Red, warm, tender to touch

Pocket of inflammation and infection

Usually a mass or lump

New cells are produced from the remaining tissue

Final result is normal looking tissue

Not all types of cells have this ability

Fibrous tissue replaces the damaged tissue

Final result is a scar that does not look normal

Wound breaks apart

Lack of blood flow

Infection

Excess scar formation

Only occurs in African/Mediterranean peoples

 Adhesions

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Colon

Rectum

Upper 1/3 is voluntary

Lower 2/3 is involuntary

Has a valve/sphincter that closes off just above the stomach

Passes through a hole in the diaphragm

 Inflammation of the esophagus

Generally caused by stomach acid coming up into the esophagus and burning the tissues

May lead to ulcers

Acid comes up into the esophagus

Symptoms include:

Burning in the chest (heart burn)

Bitter fluid coming up into the mouth

"Indigestion"

Pnemonia

Esophagitis

Asthma exacberation

Sinusitis

Pharyngitis

Esophageal Ulcer

Prilosec, Nexium...

Blocks the acid pumps and reduces acid

Safe long term therapy

Highly effective

Can treat hiatal hernia's with it...

Erosion of the lining of the stomach

80% are asymptomatic

Can result in pain or bleeding

Causes:

NSAIDs

Alcohol
Steroids

Stress

Severe Illness

Signs of...

Pain in upper abdomen

Hematamesis: vomiting blood

Coffee ground emesis: vomit looks like coffee

Melena: black, tarry, sticky, foul smelling stools

Anemia

Perforation: severe problem

Stomach herniates into the thorax above the diaphragm

Makes the esophageal sphincter less effective

Leads to chronic reflux

Treat with PPI's

Multiple surgical invterventions

Primary source of nutrient absorption

Three sections:

Duodenum

Jejunem

Ileum

Has villi which increase the surface area

AKA Gluten sensitive enteropathy

Intestional disease

Eating gluten will cause the villi of the intestine to dissappear 

Less surface area for absorption

Change surface of intestinal lining

 Prevents absorption of nutrients (cause villi of intestine to dissappear/less surface area for absorption)

Genetic predisposition

Induced by meds or food

Bowel becomes twisted

Can lead to death of the bowel

Requires immediate surgery

One part of the bowel gets pulled into another part of the bowel like a telescope

Much more common in babies & small children

AKA large intestine

Parts: Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid

Pouches form on the left side of the descending colon

 Can be numerous

Can lead to diverticulitis

Waist and bacteria are "inspisated" into the diverticulum

Causes inflammation & infection

Can perforate and cause severe infection in the abdominal cavity

Treated w/ antibiotics or surgery

Inflammatory bowel disease

Pain & bloody stools

Chrons: attack entire alimentary canal

Ulcerative Colitis: only affects colon

A "vestigial" organ

No current function

Severe RIGHT lower quadrant pain, fever

Can form abcess or rupture

Largest abdominal organ

Three lobes

Main function: metabolism

Produces proteins & blood clotting factors

Produces bile

Helps modify some hormones

Has a head, body, and a tail

Islet cells produce insulin (endocrine)

Produces digestive enzymes: amylase, lipase, breaks down proteins

One comes from the liver (bile duct)

One comes from the gall bladder (cystic duct)

One comes from the pancreas (pancreatic duct)

All join together and empty into the small intestine

85% resolve

15% become chronic illnesses that can kill liver over time

15% resolve

85% become a chronic disease

CIRROSIS

 Scar contraction forms _____ on the liver

Bile in the gall bladder concentrates

May form stones; stones sitting in gall bladder are not a problem

When they try to pass through the duct, may get stuck

Bile backs up into the gall bladder

Pain is worse after eating high fat foods

The gall bladder occasionally becomes "sick" without being obstructed by a stone

Frequently caused by infection

Same symptoms as cholelithiasis

May be due to alcohol or gall stones

Alcohol works through unclear ways to cause inflammation to this organ

Frequently recurs

Indigestible carbs

Aid in digestion

4 cal/g

2 forms: soluble & insoluble (fiber)

4 cal/g

Can be used as a source of energy, but more difficult

VEGGIES

_____ ground have lower carb content

VEGGIES

______ ground have a higher carb content

4 cal/g

Very easily and quickly absorbed calories

Molecules that are digested and absorbed quickly

Stored as fat

Hungry again quickly

Molecules that are digested slowly

Stay satisfied longer

Little or no insulin produced by pancreas

Requires that insulin shots be given to live

Ample insulin produced by the pancreas

Insulin cannot be utilized by the tissues to absorb glucose

80% are obese

Fat cells decrease the bodies ability to use insulin

Insulin cannot help the muscles and organs use glucose

DIABETES

Levels between ___ and ___ are called "impaired glucose metabolism" or "borderline diabetes"

DIABETES

Fasting blood sugar of >___ on consecutive check

Non-fasting blood sugar of >___ consecutively

Cells that come to the damaged tissue

Stimulated by the growth factors produced by the macrophages

They multiply and produce collagen fibers

Fibers contract and pull the healthy tissue edges together

New cells tissue cells fills the rest

Intestine herniates down the inguinal canal toward the scrotum

Causes a mass effect in the groin area

May/May not be painful

Gets strangulated

3 main organs:

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Starches/Sugar

Carbs

Proteins

Fats