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| SC held that federal courts have jurisdiction & authority to review constitutionality of State's electoral apportionment. equal protection of law. |
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| Bethel School District #403 V Fraser |
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| involving free speech and public schools. Matthew Fraser was suspended from school for making a speech full of sexual double entendres. The Supreme Court held that his suspension did not violate the First Amendment. |
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| Bob Jones University V US |
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| 14th Amendment in conflict with 1st Amendment. held that the Internal Revenue Servicecould, without the approval of the United States Congress, revoke the tax exemptstatus of organizations that are contrary to established public policy. Bob Jones University denied admission to applicants in interacial marriages. |
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| Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka |
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| 14th Amendment, Equal Protection Clause. Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy V Ferguson, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. |
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| 14th Amendment, Due process Clause. incompetent persons are not able to exercise right to refuse treatment; without clear and convincing evidence that patient desires withdraw of treatment, State can legally act to preserve patient's life. |
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| 1st Amendment, Establishment Clause. etermined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools. |
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| 6th Amendment, right to counsel. criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The ruling went on to detail that (Where) the suspect has been taken into custody...the suspect has requested...his lawyer, and the police have not...warned him of his right to remain silent, the accused has been denied...counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment." |
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| Article II, executive powers. ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional. |
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| 8th Amendment, capital punishment. ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. |
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| 6th Amendment, right to counsel. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys. |
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| 1st Amendment, freedom of speech. ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain provisions of the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states. |
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| 8th Amendment, cruel & unusual punishment. reaffirmed the United States Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States, upholding, in particular, the death sentence imposed on Troy Leon Gregg. |
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| Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier |
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| 1st Amendment, freedom of speech. held that public school curricular student newspapers that have not been established as forums for student expression are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection than independent student expression or newspapers established (by policy or practice) as forums for student expression. |
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| Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc v. US |
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| holding that the U.S. Congress could use its Commerce Clause power to fight discrimination. |
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| upheld the disciplinary corporal punishment policy of Florida's public schools |
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