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| relative loudness-volume of sound |
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| presence or absence of pause-potential or real-at various points in an utterance |
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| patterns of repetition in the above qualities |
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All languages use
-level alternations in duration, loudness, juncture, and pitch-expresses speaker emotion or mental state |
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| normally consists of 2 consecutive syllables-important in languages like English |
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Unit of weight in syllabic rhyme (onsets don't count)
-very important in languages that have long and short vowels-Hawaiian, Japanese, Finnish and Lituanian |
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Use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning- that is, to distinguish or to inflect words
-ex: Chinese is a tone language |
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At least some of tones rise and fall on the same syllable
common in East Asia |
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When tones are predominantly high or low (sometimes medium)
-common in Africa languages |
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Pitch plus other parts of mouth articulators working
-ex:Ket is a complex tone language-pitch, length, phonatatic and vowel quality all combine |
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| Refers to distinctions in pitch left after consonant articulations disappear-named after Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland |
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Non-melodic emphasis of one or more syllables in a word (using tenseness and loudness)
Ex: English is a complicated word stress language |
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| Non-Phonemic Stress Languages |
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-Can have fixed on initial syllable:Slovak, Hungarian
-Fixed on final syllable; French , Turkic
-Fixed on next to last (penultimate) syllable; Polish
-Can have stress fixed on first (or last) heavy syllable in word; Latin
-Stress in English is predictable with morphemes |
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Word stress that also has differences in melody
ex: Ancient Greek is known to have 2 different word stress melodies; rising and falling |
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| art, arts,fifth, fifths, sixths |
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| syllabic consonant nucleus |
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| word, rhythm, bottle, barren |
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| Onset Maximization Principle |
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| Consonants in the middle of words should be assigned to onset if the result would be an onset allowed at the beginning of a word (in given language). |
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