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1920's "Week of Art" festival in Sao Paolo, Brazil.
Featured condemned artists (for being modern)
Pushed back against the popular conservative art of the time
Featured work by Tarsila do Armaral & Oswald de Andrade |
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Wood was used in framing modern art in a Brasilidade way because it was distinct from any wood found in Europe
(Example: "A Cuca" by Tarsila do Amaral) |
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| Antropofagia (Anthropophagite) |
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| Based on a manifesto written by Oswald de Andrade The idea that European presence cannot be avoided, but can be absorbed and expressed in a purely Brazilian way Centered around Tarsila do Amaral's "Aba Poru" (man eats; cannibalism) |
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| The use of Brazilian concepts & subjects in art to rebel against European assimilation. |
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"Antropofagia"
Tarsila do Amaral
A highly stylized depiction that represented raceless, genderless, and monumental figures.
Large foot repetition, signifying deep connection with Brazilian soil
Single breast representative of indigenous women warriors who bound one breast for better use of a bow |
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| 1940 International Exhibition of Surrealism |
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Located in Mexico City
Designed to bring more Surrealist artists to Mexico (It did put Surrealists on the map, but Mexico favored non-European artists of the time
Took place at a new gallery & a first in modern art
Was declared "Surrealism by Recipe"
Had a problematic exhibition of pre-Columbian sculpture, but they were featured separate from (predominantly white) Surrealist artists and they were not displayed in context. |
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Diego Rivera's spread for Minotaure magazine
Minotaure helped to unify Surrealist expats
Diego Rivera's art for the centerfold champions pre-Columbian culture |
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Was called a "fake" for his use of biomorphism & surrealism aesthetic without the use of automatism
Also received backlash for not representing Mexican culture
Menacing |
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| Luis Bunuel's "Exterminating Angel" |
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Considered the first Surrealist film for its use of nonsensical content, repetition, dream-like state, and chaos.
Criticized the upper class, challenged societal norms, and had an overall commentary on morality |
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"Portrait of Max Ernst"
Leonora Carrington
Created when Leonora Carrington and Max Ernst shared an art home in France
Depicted Max Ernst as his menacing alter-ego, Loplop and Leonora Carrington's alter -ego the white horse |
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"Message"
Remedios Varo
Collage; represented women as objects and women in domestic work, possibly even women pleasing women |
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Magazine founded in Mexico by Wolfgang Paalen that only had 5 issues but was very influential
Considered itself a counteraction to Surrealism ("farewell to Surrealism") & tried to be more scholarly
Was written only in French and English to target Americans & Europeans |
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Breton's surrealism journal in exile, also very influential despite it's brevity
Allowed for the sharing of ideas, inspirations & enlightenment among exiled artists (and other artists!) during WWII
Allowed for increased access to art, esp. underrepresented artists |
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Articulated Cloud
Wolfgang Paalen
Surrealist-inspired sculpture created before Paalen's departure from Surrealism
Very unlike his more well-known style of fumage and total abstraction |
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Fumage, 1945
Wolfgang Paalen
Painting where Paalen utilized a fumage technique, but unlike Surrealists did not develop the forms further.
Exemplar of Paalen's Dynaton vision; to utilize automatism for total abstraction & allow audience interpretation |
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"Ballad for Frida Kahlo"
Alice Rahon
Rahon felt unified to Frida Kahlo through fragility, thus dedicating this painting to her
She utilized sgraffito and unconventional materials to create her work; a style that wasn't being used by other modernist painters at this time
She also utilized an open orientation, and drew inspiration from cave paintings |
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Graphic illustrator known for his caricatures done for Vanity Fair
Also wrote archaelogical essays on sites in Mexico, some of the first written. (Featured in DYN; La Venta: Collosal Heads & Jaguar Gods)
Did a series of themed map murals for the Golden Gate International Exhibition in SF; a sort of propaganda to inspire unity through mutual feelings and respect against axis powers. |
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Art movement started by Gordon Onslow Ford, Wolfgang Paalen, Lee Mullican and Jaqueline Johnson
Jaqueline Johnson describes the movement in "Taking Sight"
General idea was to unleash the imagination through the use of non-representational art to discover "the possible."
A New Vision in Painting Exhibition exhibited works related to Dynaton, was artist curated, but critics couldn't see how the art reflected the vision. |
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Space
Lee Mullican
Painting created using Mullican's striation technique, where he does ver textured sgraffito using a palate knife.
Mullican created these works through automatism and meditation. He was also inspired by textiles and his previous career creating topographical maps. |
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Founded by Gordon Onslow Ford and Jean Varda
An old ferry boat that was turned into an inexpensive art studio/community in Saulsalito. It became a hub for artists and important figures like Maya Angelou and Alan Watts. Was very influential for Surrealism, Dynaton and the beat movement. |
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"Constellations in Hand"
Gordon Onslow Ford
A painting by Ford that was inspired by Hodo Tobase's calligraphy. It has a space-like theme, and treads the line between total abstraction and representational
Exemplar of Ford's fascination with space and the possible |
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The Blizzard
Jeanne Reynal
Shattered glass mosaic done for the Nebraska State Capital building
A good example of Reynal's criticized "hap-hazard" aesthetic and unconventional mosaic work that featured muted palates and often incorporated found objects. |
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J.B. Blunk's home in Inverness
Woodworker Blunk's creative home inspired by Isamo Nuguchi, where he built everything in a way the broke architectural norms, utilized found objects, and broke down categories for art objects and objects of function. |
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| Agnes Varda's "Uncle Yanco, 1967" |
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Varda received honorary Academy Award as the first french New Wave film maker
Film portrays Uncle Yanco as a living art example; also reflects his celebration of life and color through saturated color tones and footage of him among followers and devotees |
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Abstraction
Jean Varda
Exemplar of Varda's mission to celebrate life and color
Utilized a painted over collage technique
Drew inspiration from Greece |
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| Louise and Walter Arnesburg |
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Collectors of modern art and patrons/devotees to Duchamp
Collected over 1500 works of modern art in their home museum, most of which they loaned to galleries in California and offered tours of on site. |
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| Marcel Duchamp's Retrospective |
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Exhibition of Duchamp's life work held in Pasadena and curated by Walter Hopps that "reignited his fame."
Influenced artists in L.A. and helped bring Modern art to the west coast.
Gave way to more retrospectives. |
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Curator/Director of the Pasadena Art Gallery
Also partnered in the Ferus Gallery that showcased modern art works by Andy Warhol and Lichtenstein
Helped educate L.A. on modern art to encourage patronage |
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Works Progress Association - infrastructure and public works initiative started by FDR that was inspired by Mexico during the New Deal
Federal Art Project mission was to provide work and wages to artists while bringing art to the communities that represented profession & public works
Utilized a blind commission process that opened doors for POC and women
Community funded
Unorganized and at times problematic |
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"Medicine and Transportation"
Thelma Johnson Streat
WPA sponsored mural created in an abstracted and simplifed way.
Streat "didn't play it safe," and depicted AA in various professions throughout the mural that they would normally not be associated with
Went against the overwhelming white narrative of WPA murals |
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"Mechanics of Flying"
Arshile Gorky
WPA sponsored mural within an airport that was mostly covered up for being too abstracted
Most people wanted to see "heroic" American art and considered abstraction too European / degenerate |
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Post Surrealism
(Neoclassicism) |
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Art movement with manifesto written by Helen Lundeberg and Lorser Feitelson that juxtaposed unrelated objects to encourage viewers to interpret scenes in a new way. Perceptual versus conceptual.
Had a lot of aesthetic similarities to Surrealism but with a neoclassical approach.
Did not utilize automatism or represent dreams. |
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"The Life of Washington"
Victor Arnautoff
WPA sponsored mural in a highschool that continues to strike controversy for its content.
Arnautoff deliberately paints controvercial murals that push back against a white-washed history; depicts Washington as a slave holder and his conflicts among the indigenous peoples of America. |
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"San Francisco Life"
Lucien Labaudt
Wall-to-wall mural commissioned during the Great Depression that he deliberately depicted idyllic and unaffected to show disparity between the rich and the poor.
Mural has an overall sense of foreboding through use of forced awkwardness, creepy characters, flattened space, and off-colored flesh tones.
Also features Henry Bridges, a controversial radical figurehead of the time. |
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"Self Portrait, 1944"
Helen Lundeberg
Self portrait that is exemplar for post-surrealism aims. Lundeberg depicts herself as a both an artist and a magnifier or revealer of the possible.
Painting displays Lundeberg very much in control, and includes her hands manipulating the planet-inspired objects; woman as a creator. |
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| A style (not a movement) that utilizes relational objects that are anecdotal and hep tell a story |
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"Dowager in a Wheelchair"
Phillip Evergood
Painting that is an exemplar for Evergood's style; he often portrays a juxtaposition between life and death, joy and suffering. He was interested in depicting reality and highlighting economic disparity. |
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"The Congo Queen"
Hector Hippolyte
Painting that blended Christian and Haitian iconography
It was painted with rooster feathers, which are vital for Voodoo rituals (DeWitt misinterpreted this as Hippolyte's only means for a paintbrush)
It rebels against a colonial interpretation of the Virgin Mary |
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Employed by the office of inter-American affairs, aimed at building infrastructure and developing countries that were of interest to the US
Founded Center D'Arts; decided that Haiti had no art scene (though it did) and helped to bring awarness to Haitian art-- but focused only on the "primitve" style that was of interest to the Americans (as opposed to the existing french romantic landscapes) |
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| Centre d'Art, Port au Prince |
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| Funded by US & Haiti to showcase a very specific style of art in Haiti that was mis-dubbed as "primitive," for it's use of color and simplified abstracted forms. |
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"Franklin D. Roosevelt Interceding in the Beyond for the Peace in the Americas"
Philome Obin
Painting that was underappreciated in its time by Obin, a predecessor of Hippolyte.
It was not popular because it didn't depict voodoo-related subjects (Obin was a Baptist) and as a result was considered not Haitian. |
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Alfred Hitchcock, "Spellbound"
(with dream sequence by Salvador Dali) |
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A surrealist-inspired film based on the Freudian idea that the subconscious mind will lock away suppressed thoughts that need to be brought out through automatism and dream interpretation
Dali's dream scene was originally 20 minutes long and filled with very unfeasible ideas (suspended grande pianos, etc.)--also payed homage to other Surrealist artists, such as Rene Magritte, Max Ernst, and George DeChirico. |
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"Five Beauties Rising"
Willie Cole
Print of "iron board warriors," based on and named after women in Cole's life, Savannah Georgia, and South Carolina.
Technique explores relational aesthetics between ironing board, irons, and their uses and users.
Imprints from irons and ironing boards often are juxtaposed with imagery of slave ships and drew inspiration from African masks |
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| Matt Mullican, "Performance: Under Hypnosis" |
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A performance-based art that alligned with Surrealism through it's use of hypnosis inspired automatism
Explored the idea of what is real and who is the real self
Mullican's forms created during hypnosis were reminiscent of his father's work as well |
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