-Human with Lion Head

-Paleolithic period

-30,000-9,000 BCE

-Made of ivory, human takes the power of the animal.

-First combination of man with animal. It is a type of religious sybolism. It's a man with legs and a lion head. Sanded and carved a sharp stone blade.

- Spotted Horse

-Paleolithic Period

-30,000 - 9,000 BC

- Horse inspired by rock formation of the wall. Purpose unknown

- Is it raining, how many horses they killed? What do spots mean. The hand signifies a ritual of age, to kill anmal possibly

-Rhinoceros, wounded man, and disemboweled bison

- Paleolithic Period

-30,000-9,000 BC

- Rage of animal whose bowels are hanging from it in a heavy coil. Between two beast is bird face man (compare with human w/ lions head) with outstretched arms and four fingers. Bird thing is a spear, does it belong to him? He could be dead of or knocked down, penis=man.

-First narrative of any sort that involves humans and animals

-Catal Huyuk/ Landscape w/ volcanic eruption

-Neolithic period

-6,000 BC

-The shared walls, it's all together so its very safe and clever. Safety in numbers, lack of streets. On interior walls first landscape painting with volcano.

-Well suited defense against human or natural forces. One of the firsts to experiement with urban living

- Jericho great stone walls

-Neolithic period

-8,000-7,000 BC

-more protection, the fortified walls were super organized.

-first known permanent stone settlements, (people domesticated animals )

- Stonehenge

-Neolithic period

-2,000 BC

- In England, earliest architechture here. (Megaliths- great stones)

-Interesting concept because probably a calender, build according to summer solstice. Outer stones dragged from 24 mi away, blue stones in the center from 240 mi away from whale

-Sumer

-3,500 - 2,000 BC

- The ancient near east was called the fertile crescent. The land of Eden

-Venus of Wildendorf

-Paleolithic Period

-30,000-9,000 BC

- female attributes, hands holding, private area defined, if its a cap on her head, its the earliest formation of textile work.

-All women have the same face, its a female fertility figure

-Sumer

-3,500 2,000 BC

- The land between two rivers (the Tigris and Euphrates)

-They have written records, first documentation of deeds and have epic literature of both mythology and non-fiction

- invent the plow, arch, beer brewing and created royalty, socitety bound by laws, and the concept of organized religion

-Sumer

3,500 - 2,000 BC

-Clay tablets that use cunieform

- Simplified the pictographic signs by reducing them to a group of wedge-shaped cunieform signs, marked the beggining of writing

- Ziggurat

-Sumer

-3,500-2,000 BC

- pre-ceeded the pyramid about 500 years, monumental temples. All face the cardinal points (NESW)

- Temple stands on top of a high flatform and proably dedicated to Anu, sky god, only the chosen person that connects with the gods would meet at the top

- Warka Vase (Libation vase: Banded narrative from Warka)

-Sumer

-3,500 - 2,000 BC

- Libation- drink offering of either wine or precious oil, gifts for a goddess. (3 registers)  H20->plant life-> live stock -> man (servants) ->goddess being offered harvest/gifts

- First narrative relif sculpture known, depicts a religous festival in honor of the goddess. The man and animal are shown in profile view with large staring frontal eyes which is conceptual representation (also king priest and and priestess are of greater height which shows higher importance

- Votive statues from Abu Templeat Tell Asmar

-Sumer

-3,500- 2,000 BC

-Men have beart and fringed skirts, females have long robes with right shoulder bare. They are perpetual worshipers that are mortals, they wait in waiting room for the divinity to appear.

- Hands folded in front of chest for gesture of prayer, and open eyes are eternal wakefulness necessary to fulfil their duty, constant prayers to gods

-Standard of Ur

-Sumer

-3,500 - 2,000 BC

- Something that would be held up on a stick, war and peace side. War: 1- have four horse, trampling enemy. 2- Taking enemy with no clothes. 3- Presenting them to important person. Peace: 1-brining animals. 2- bringing more animals. 3- playing music with harps, presenting to someone higher.

- It's a narrative that shows the spoils of war as well as the wealth that was brought into the city

- Royal Harp from tomb of Queen Puabi Ur (Bull lyre Harp)

-Sumer

-3,500-2,000 BC

- Provides music into the other world, likely to tell what is happening in the afterworld. 1- scorpio man and drinks 2- harp itself and dancing bear playing it 3- offer of all cuts of meat and more drinks 4- man stronger than two animals

- Narrative tale of the other world

-Head of Akkadian Ruler

- Akkah, Neo-Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites

-2,400 - 1,400 BC

- a lot of battles during this time, very realistic and heard/hairdo is well groomed. Eyes wee most likely precious stones. Copper head and represents absolute monarchy. First time we have portrait of ruler

- Political statement that enemy gouged out eyes, broke lower beard, and slayed ears

- Stele of King Naram Sim

- Akkah, Neo-Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites

-2,400 - 1,400 BC

- Relief sculpture, narrative. Granson of Sargon climbing the mountain and winning the battle, one with crown of horns (combo of man and animal= divinity).  Little bit of landscape, enemies being thrown off mountain. three stars indicate being backed up by gods, triumphant music.

-First time king appears as a god in Mesopotamian art, different postures/ sizes tell the story

-Enheduanna Votive Disk

- Akkah, Neo-Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites

-2,400 - 1,400 BC

-owned property, had business, looked over things. Moonstone because she served to moon god, relief disk. She's pouring something into the ziggurat and she has a crowned tiered dress, offering peace. 

- 1st priestess, politician, poet, and prophet, had exceptional power and appointed in her fathers court. First woman to combine roles, because they weren't equal. When father out of power she is cast aside and has sad poetry

-Stele with code of Hammurabi

- Akkah, Neo-Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites

-2,400 - 1,400 BC

-Political influence over Tigirs and Euphrates. Places outside of a city that has every rule to every aspect (livestock, divorce, robbery- an eye for an eye) Top- Hammurabi recieves codes from the god, stars are blessing this, meets throned god and meets eye to eye

- First one to code laws, he reestablished a centralized govt, he's blessed by god with authority to rule

-Lion Gate from Boghazkoy

- Akkad, Neo-Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites

-2,400 - 1,400 BC

-It's Hittite lion gate, war bearing people. Imprints, passage way, and guardian figures

- First guardian figures, introduced chartios and warfare into Egypt. Protecting a city, palace, or temple from evil by placing wild monsters in the entranceway

- Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad

- Assyria

-1,000- 612 BC

-Ambitious layouts and conquering might of Assyrian king, an image of merciless men. Organized, ruthless, and artwork was all about warfare and the king

-Lamassu

- Assyria

-1,000- 612 BC

-High relief scultpure, always attached to wall that is winged, human-headed bull= strength/power. Provide fertilization for trees, has five legs, and origin of angels.

- Beginning of protective figures, supreme guardian that sets standards, wards off the kings enemies

-Neo- Babylonia and Persia

-612-331 BC

- Order was restored with the fall of Assyria. Ruled Babylon, and had hanging gardens (seven wonders of world) and tower of Babylon.

- Exploits the biblical book of Daniels rcounts and restoryed Babylon to its rank of great cities of antiquity.  

-Tower of Babel

- Neo- Babylonia and Persia

-612-331 BC

-Ziggurate that was built on a solid tower, that supports another and so on, with 8 towers in all. In last tower is a huge temple, waiting room for the gods.

- Humankinds arrogant desire to build a tower to heaven angered the god, so workers spoke dif language and couldnt communicate (according to bible)

-Ishtar Gate

- Neo- Babylonia and Persia

-612-331 BC

-Royal blue w/ white animals, all of these are sacred animals and protective figures. Aniamls both real and imaginary where each brick was molded and glazed separately.

- First of grand entrances, protective figures

- Persepolis

- Neo- Babylonia and Persia

-612-331 BC

-Heavily fortified complex of royal buildings overlooking the plain. Royal audience hall (apadana) was 60ft tall and had 36 columns. Perisan nobles and guards are shown on the walls.

-guarding figures are Assyrian, columns are from Egypt, Greek style, combo of everything

- Rosetta Stone

-Egypt

-3,500 BC

- Written in 3 dif scripts 1- Hieroglyphics (top): for the priest, creatures, objects, or pictorgraphs 2- Demotic: language of the people 3- Hieratic: simplified version of hieroglyphics, Greek writing that is sacred

- key to the Egyptian language, whole alphabet and translation of it, about Ptolmy and the great things he did

- Wall paiting of Hierakonpolis

- Predynastic Egypt

-Before 3,500 BC

- See man and animal, bottom man with 2 animals, so he is stronger. The U shaped things are boats and on them are coffins, they are taking a trip across the Nile. (burial sites always on the west of the Nile, because sun sets there. Animals are put to work grinding grain. 2 scribes on bottom right recording the situation.

-Palette of Narmer

-Dynastic period

-3,000 BC

- unified upper and lower Egypt. Make-up case, decorated and related to a ritual. Shows Namer conquering upper Egypt and has a combo of both hats. Tail of bull for strength, muscualr legs, and has star guiding him. Barefoot- divinity.

- On top of palette is Hathor- cow with womans face, of earth and sky. Represents goodness and nurturing.

-Back of palette- king wearing high bowling pin crown of Upper Egypt, has official carrying his sandals while slaying an enemy. Falcon with human arms is Horus- the kings protectors, divine symbol. Beneath it are represents Lower egypt, and below the king are fallen enemies.

-Front- elongated necks of two felines, that reference Egypts unification, wears crown of Lower Egypt with beheaded bodies of animal. Bull knocking down city shows kings supreme strength.

-First major piece of Egyptian art that shows convention of art, thought, and Pharoh is divine ruler. First signed artwork.

- Upper and Lower Egypt

- 1: Upper Egypt- Lotus/ vulture (white) 2: Lower Egypt- Papyrus/ Cobra (red) 3: Unified Egypt- both red and white

- In Egypt Hathor is the cow goddess of earth and skyhe.

- Horus is the divine symbol and protector of the Pharoh.

- Imhotep Stepped Pyramid

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-Saqqara

- Imhotep was the royal builder for King Djoser at Saqqara. Takes mastabas and stacks them up, so its stepped. The pyramid is a tomb that protects the king and his possesions, as well as symbolizing godlike power. About 7 mestabas, and Imhotep is a commoner that rose to become a priest.

- One of the oldest stone structures of Egypt, was a whole funeral complex.

-Mastaba

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-Saqqara

-Arabic word for bench, stone structure with sloping sides. Had and underground burial chamber and developed from Earth and stone mounts.

- First setup of burial architechture

- The great Pyramids of Khufu, Kahfre, and Mankaure

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-Giza

-grandfather, father, and grandson. First one built is largest with chronological size. Limestone cap on pyrimd, and were tombs with elaborate pathways, Ka statues, and is where the sould would go to.

-Symbols of the sun, the sun rays wer the ramp the pharohs used to ascend to heaven.

-Sphinx

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-Possibly Khafre, carved from a huge rock. Facial features are the same of a pharoh with headress and beard. Nose is missing cause french used it for target practive.

-Combination of intelligence and strength of man and animal. Sphinx- lion with human head is associated with the sun god.

- Ti Watching Hippopotamuses

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-Pharoh sport to destroy hippos and preserve the flora. Agriculture and hunting fill Ti's tomb. Boat moves slowly through marshes, hunting hippos and birds in growth of papyrus. Ti is depicted as twice their size, he is a fiure apart from time and an observer like his ka.

- Hunt was a metaphor for triumph over the forces of evil.

- Khafre

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

- Tale made of hardest stone diorite, he's peaceful and calm/ in control. The throne has lion paws while the sides have lotus and papyrus (unification) He's royal because Horus is on his head protecting him. Wears kilt and sits rigidly, also has the royal headress and beard.

- one fist clench and the other open, shows tough but gentle. His form manifests the purpose to last for eternity.

-Menkaue and Queen Khamerernebty

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

-standing but attached to stone so reliefe scultpure. He's royal because of headress, beard, quilt, and she is his wife. His hands are clenched (royal) while females hands are open and his foot is infront of her which means he is above her

-Postures suggest the timeless nature of these eterial substitute homes for the ka. Her arm is around his waist and on left arm, indicated marital status

-Seated Scribe

- Old Kingdom

- 2,700- 2,200 BC

- He is intelligent and alert, while he doesnt sit on a throne or a chair. He has sagging chest muscles and a portruding belly, he also looks much older 

-An example of Egyptian realism, not athletically ideal and has realistic facial features such as darker skin because hes outdoor. This is different than representations of dieties and pharohs

-Rock cut tombs

- Middle Kingdom

-2,200-1,800

- Decorated with detail and painted with seco designs. They were hollowed out of cliffs and columns served no supporting functions 

-Distinctive feature of the middle kingdom, actually cut into the walls. Replaced the old kingdom mastabas.

-Pylon temple of Horus

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- Grand entrance to the temple, sloping walls and broken only by the doorway

- Striking monument to the persistence of Egyptian architecture

-Hypostyle hall of Amen Re

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- Columns are huge, many people could stand on it, and each has been carved

-Hall with a roof supported by columns, illuminated the buildings interior 

-Queen Hatshepsut Mortuary Temple at Deir el - Bahri

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

-Her mortuary temple is most outstanding and royal of all. After fathers reign she halted his military for two decades and took over the government. It was in 3 levels and every one filled with exotic plants from the Land of Punt. Many items were destroyed after her death by jealous Thutmose

- In portraits she wears the costume of male pharohs with the royal headress and kilt, and sometimes the false beard. She's the first great femal monarch who's name was recorded.

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now modern-day Amarna. It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC) in order to reflect the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where a sun-god Aten was worshiped over all other gods

-Akhenaton

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- he decides there shall be one god, hes almost bothe male and femal and physically looks different. Very realistic and individualized has curving contours and full lips. Wear arms, with a portruding belly and fat thights.

- style was shortlived trying to show this androgynous image of a pharoh, small blip in history

-Nefertiti

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- very modern, realistic, and beautiful. Headress is distinctive and has a beautiful neckpiece. This is an unflinished model and her name means the beautiful one is here.

- Figured prominently in life of Amanra age, andwas an influential woman.

- Akehaten and Nefertiti and their children

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- Bas relief sculpture, and provides a rare look at the royal family. The figures possess prominetn bellies and they bask in the life giving rays of Aton (sun disk). The mood is inofrmal, on daugther is kissed, the otehr is in Nefertitis lap pointing at her dad, and the youngest touches a pendant on the mothers crown.

- Intimate portrayal of pharoh and family shows political and religious revolution.

-Assyrian archers pursuing enemies

-Assyria

-1,000-612 BC

- Relief sculpture that show two Assyrian archers shooting arrow at fleeeing foe, while three enemy soldiers are in the water. Two attempt to float to safety with inflating animal skins, while they go to fort where compatriots await them.

-Tells story clearly and economically, decisive moment in kings vicotrious campaign.  

- Tutankhamen

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- likely son of Akhenaten and reigns. Reverts back to the way things were before, finding of his tomb and interior chambers hadnt been touched, 16 steps down. Had everything he needed for afterlife and had 7 layers of coffins, the 1st was 243 pounds of gold. Dressed in headress and beard, also painted chest that has fluid forms from amanra style 

- Whole grandeur and richness of Egyptian power, pride, and affluence.

-Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer (Book of the Dead)

- New Kingdom

- 1,800-1,000 BC

- on papyrus, page from the book fo the dead whch is a collection of spells and prayers. It tells a story of Hu-Nefer, royal scribe and final judgement. Anubis leads him to be judged and his heart is measure with a feather, if it doesnt measure up he will be eaten by an Ammit, hippo/ lion that devours sinful. He passes and is introduced to Osiris, by Horus the god of the dead and king of the undeworld, to recieve eternal life. Witnesses are watching.

- Returns to conservatism, nothing with evident of Amarna art. Heiroglyphics and figures aligned rigidly for formality of traditional Egyptian art.