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| 17-15 Gericault, Raft of the “Medusa”, oil on canvas, 1818-19. |
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17-19 Goya, Third of May, 1808, oil on canvas, 1814-15.
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17-23 Daguerre, The Artist’s Studio, daguerreotype, 1837.
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17-30 Cole, The Oxbow, oil on canvas, 1837.
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18-1 Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, oil on canvas,
1884-86.
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18-3 Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1887-89.
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18-4 Sullivan, Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 1890-91.
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18-13 Eakins, The Gross Clinic, oil on canvas, 1875.
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18-15 Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass), oil on canvas,
1863.
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18-23 Cassatt, Maternal Caress, dry point, etching and aquatint, 1891.
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18-24 Monet, Water Lillies, oil on canvas, c.1920.
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18-27 Gauguin, Mahana no atua (Day of the God), oil on canvas, 1894.
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18-29 van Gogh, The Starry Night, oil on canvas, 1889.
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18-33 Rodin, Burghers of Calais, bronze, 1884-6.
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| Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1805 |
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| The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is a museum and art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1805 and is the oldest art museum and school in the nation. The Academy's museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th and 20th century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, and art training. (Who went?) |
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| The camera obscura (Latin for "dark room"; "darkened chamber") is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down, but with colour and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation. |
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Aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching.
Intaglio printmaking makes marks on the matrix (in the case of aquatint, a copper or zinc plate) that are capable of holding ink. The inked plate is passed through a printing press together with a sheet of paper, resulting in a transfer of the ink to the paper. This can be repeated a number of times, depending on the particular technique. |
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| The Hudson River School[1] was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school expanded to include other locales. (The Oxbow) |
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| Salon des Refuses (Salon of the “Rejects”), 1863 |
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| Many critics and the public ridiculed the refusés, which included such now-famous paintings as Édouard Manet's Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l’herbe) and James McNeill Whistler's Girl in White. But the critical attention also legitimized the emerging avant-garde in painting. The Impressionists successfully exhibited their works outside the Salon beginning in 1874. Subsequent Salons des Refusés were mounted in Paris in 1874, 1875, and 1886, by which time the popularity of the Paris Salon had declined for those who were more interested in Impressionism, this was not the case for the artist Manet who still wanted to be aclaimed by the original Salon, looking for permanence and nobility like many other traditionalists. |
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| Japonism, or Japonisme, the original French term, which is also used in English, is a term for the influence of the arts of Japan on those of the West. |
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| Apotheosis refers to the exaltation of a subject to divine level. (Apotheosis of George Washington) |
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| A daguerreotype (original French: daguerréotype) was the first large scale commercial photographic process. The image in a Daguerreotype is formed by amalgam i.e. a combination of mercury and silver. Mercury vapor from a pool of heated mercury is used to develop the plate that consists of a copper plate with a thin coating of silver rolled in contact that has previously been sensitised to light with iodine vapour so as to form silver iodide crystals on the silver surface of the plate. |
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| planographic (lithography) |
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| Planographic printing means printing from a flat surface, as opposed to a raised surface (as with relief printing) or incised surface (as with intaglio printing). Lithography and offset lithography are planographic processes that utilize the property that water will not mix with oil. The image is applying a tusche (greasy substance) to a plate or stone. |
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The Barbizon school (circa 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered.
The Barbizon painters were part of a movement towards realism in art which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. (Millet; painting from nature) |
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| Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term Pointillism was first coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation. |
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