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Swine Lecture 2
Nursing Piglet Health
38
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
11/25/2014

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Term
What processing procedures do nursing piglets undergo? Why?
Definition
Iron administrated via injection/orally
-prevent anema, piglets have very low Fe reserves and low Fe in sow's milk

Clip Needle Teeth
-prevents injury/disease e.g. Greasy Pig disease

Castration
-prevent boar taint

Dock Tails
-prevents tail biting
Term
What are the nursing piglet production targets for birth weight, pre-weaning mortality, weaning age and weaning weight?
Definition
Birth weight 1.5kg
Pre-weaning mortality <10%
Weaning age 17-28 days (avg 21)
Weaning weight >5kg
Term
What are the major causes of pre-weaning mortality? (4)
Definition
Management
-crushing
-chilling
-starvation

Disease
-diarrhea
Term
What can be done to prevent crushing? (4)
Definition
-use farrowing crates
-non slip flooring under sow
-wean after colostrum is received and then use artificial teat
-attend farrowing room/supervise at all times
Term
What can be done to prevent chilling? (3) Why is this important?
Definition
-provide supplemental heat/creep area
-matted crates
-dry cold piglets & put in warming box

Piglets have little to no fat stores at birth, if they are cold they are weak and won't suckle.
Term
What can be done to prevent starvation? (3)
Definition
-make sure small/weak piglets are nursing
-remove larger piglets for short periods so smaller ones can nurse
-provide milk replacers
-cross fostering to ensure there are enough teats for the number of piglets
Term
What is the disadvantage of cross-fostering?
Definition
spread of disease
Term
What are the primary causes of diarrhea in piglets? At what age do they affect piglets? (4)
Definition
Colibacillosis (<12hrs)
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (2 days)
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (2 days)
Coccidiosis (5d up to 3 weeks)
Term
Why is the timing of clinical signs important when a piglet has diarrhea?
Definition
Different agents affect piglets at different stages of life; useful in determining the causal agent
Term
What agent is associated with colibacillosis?
Definition
Escherichia coli

-commensal bacteria of GIT, the pathogenic Enterotoxigenic E. coli must be present to cause diarrhea
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of colibacillosis
Definition
-fecal oral route
-attach to & colonize villi of SI
-bacteria produce enterotoxins
-causes excess fluid secretion into lumen
Term
What are the clinical signs of colibacillosis?
Definition
-watery/creamy diarrhea at less than 12h of age
-dehydrated, weak piglets
-more common in gilt litters
-morbidity and mortality rates >20%
Term
Why is colibacillosis more common in gilt litters?
Definition
poor quality antibodies in milk
Term
What can you do to maximize lactogenic immunity in order to control colibacillosis?
Definition
-vaccinated sows 3wks before farrowing
-vaccinate gilts twice
-use a killed vaccine or autogenous vaccine
-reduce sow culling rates
Term
Why is reducing sow culling rates a means of improving lactogenic immunity to prevent colibaccilosis?
Definition
-reduces the frequency of young replacement gilts coming in, a younger herd has lower lactogenic immunity
Term
What is agalactia?
Definition
Sows not milking, so piglets are not being fed
Term
Other than improving lactogenic immunity, what else can be done to control colibacillosis?
Definition
Minimize challenge
-all in/all out farrowing rooms
-C & D between groups
-perforated floors to keep manure away from piglets

Keep piglets warm
-maintains gut motility & desire to suckle

Minimize transmission
-wash hands, handle litters with diarrhea last
Term
What environmental factors contribute to colibacillosis?
Definition
-dirty farrowing crates
-cold/drafts
-careless workers
-sow age/health
Term
What host factors contribute to colibacillosis?
Definition
-piglet age
-genetics
-immune status
-nursing ability
Term
What agent factors contribute to colibacillosis?
Definition
-pili allow bacteria to attach to villi of piglet
-enterotoxin produced by bacteria causes excess secretion of fluid into gut lumen
Term
Describe the characteristics of the virus that causes Transmissible Gastroenteritis (4)
Definition
-coronavirus
-heat sensitive
-very stable when frozen
-seasonal disease (higher incidence in winter)
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of TGE
Definition
-fecal/oral or nasal route
-causes severe villous atrophy in neonates
Term
Why is villous atrophy caused by TGE severe in neonates?
Definition
enterocytes grow from the base of the villi to the tip, and regeneration of these enterocytes is slow in neonates (up to 3 weeks)
Term
What are the clinical signs of TGE? (4)
Definition
-vomiting & watery diarrhea beginning at 2d old
-all piglets born over next 6 wks die
-high mortality in young piglets
-spreads rapidly through the herd
-piglets are still nursing
Term
True or False

TGE only affects piglets who are 2 days old
Definition
False

Affects all ages of pigs, young pigs are more severely affected and diarrhea will begin at around 2 days of age
Term
What can you do to control TGE? (4)
Definition
-expose all animals & employ a feedback program

-strict biosecurity protocols

-keep a closed herd (buy 6 months of replacement gilts & sows, then no more new arrivals)

-clean & disinfect barn thorouhly
Term
What environmental factors are associated with TGE and PED?
Definition
-season (winter)
-poor biosecurity
Term
What host factors are associated with TGE and PED?
Definition
-age (neonates more severe)
-does affect all ages
-lactogenic immunity to protect neonates
Term
What agent factors are associated with TGE and PED?
Definition
-TGE virus
-survives in cold environment
-highly contagious
Term
Describe the characteristics of the virus associated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (4)
Definition
-coronavirus
-heat sensitive
-very stable when frozen
-seasonal disease (higher incidence in winter)
Term
Describe the etiology of the agent causing coccidial diarrhea
Definition
-protozoal parasite Isospora suis
-transmitted via fecal-oral route
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of coccidial diarrhea
Definition
-coccidia grow in enterocytes of SI
-cause mild/moderate villous atrophy
-oocysts are resistant to disinfection
-cement floors & late summmer = predisposition to this disease
Term
Describe the clinical signs of coccidial diarrhea (4)
Definition
-mild creamy diarrhea
-affects older piglets (5d to 3wks)
-slow growth
-high morbidity, low mortality
Term
What can you do to control coccidial diarrhea?
Definition
-antibiotics are ineffective, no vaccine available
-anti parasite medication can be used
-seal concrete floors (paint)
-all in/all out systems
-change flooring to perforated raised floors
Term
What environmental factors contribute to coccidial diarrhea?
Definition
-dirty farrowing crates
-cement floors
Term
What agent factors contribute to coccidial diarrhea?
Definition
-due to parasite Isospora suis
-'sticky' oocysts resistant to disinfection
Term
What host factors contribute to coccidial diarrhea?
Definition
age of piglet
immunity
Term
What are the non-pathogenic causes of piglet mortality?
Definition
chilling
crushing
starvation
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