Term
| What dosage should not be exceeded for Actaminophen? What is the danger if this dosage is exceeded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three receptors does Morphine act at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ocular side effect do all the opoids cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which opioid analgesics can cause papilledema ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which opioid analgesic is given orally to suppress coughing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Tramadol a synthetic analog of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is given to reverse the systemic and ocular effects of opioids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease is caused from a deficiency of dopamine? Too much dopamine? |
|
Definition
Deficiency - Parkinsons
Too much - Schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can cause both mydriasis and nystagmus |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines: Xanax & Valium |
|
|
Term
| Name the adverse effects of Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and Thioridazine (Mellaril) both antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Pigment on corneal endothelium, anterior stellate cataracts, dry eye, mydriasis, increase in IOP, and hyperpigmentation of the RPE |
|
|
Term
| Which antiparkinsonian drug can cross the BBB and is converted to dopamine? |
|
Definition
Levodopa
Combined with Carbadopa = Sinemet |
|
|
Term
| Which antiparkinsonian drug can cause angle closure glaucoma as well as schizophrenia, cardiac arrhythmia and melanoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which MAOI is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Aricept? What are the ocular side effects? |
|
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
s/e: cataracts, blurred vision, eye irritation. Glaucoma? |
|
|
Term
| Which pathway do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, specifically Phenelzine (Nardil) inhibit |
|
Definition
| Breakdown of NE and Serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Name some adverse food and drug interactions of MAOIs |
|
Definition
Tyramine -- wine, cheese, dried meat--> can cause a hypertensive crisis
With SSRI's: Serotonin syndrome
Phenyl 10% |
|
|
Term
| Amitriptyline (Elavil) and Imigramine (Trofanil) are both in what class of drugs? What is their mechanism of action? Who are they contraindicated in? What are they used to treat |
|
Definition
Tricyclic Antidespressants
MOA: inhibits NE and Serotonin reuptake
CI: suicidal patients
Treat: pain, fibromyalgia, migraine, sedation |
|
|
Term
| Which class of antidepressant medications are the most used? Give examples |
|
Definition
SSRI's
Fuoxetine (Prozac) and Sertraline (Zoloft) |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 ocular side effects of the anticonvulsant, Phenytoin (Dilantin) |
|
Definition
Nystagmus, Diplopia
"slows ya down" |
|
|
Term
| Which anticonvulsant and migraine medication can cause blurred vision and acute secondary angle closure glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of nicotine |
|
Definition
| Mimics Ach @ preganglionic synapses in the para and sympathetic nervous systems. |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 medications that you can/should give to someone going through acute Alcohol dependence withdrawl |
|
Definition
chlordiazepoxide (Librius)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Diazepam (Valium)
Clonidine (Catapress) |
|
|
Term
| Chronic alcoholism can lead to which 2 conditions? One of which is reversible? |
|
Definition
Wernicke's Encephalopathy -- thiamine (B1 deficiency) -- opthalmoplegia, confusion and ataxia.
Korsakoff syndrome -- amnesia and confabulation (irreversible) |
|
|
Term
| What are the withdrawl symptoms of opiods? How can you treat them? |
|
Definition
Mydriasis, anxiety, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, sweating, anorexia, tremor, nausea, vomiting, heart rate and blood pressure elevation,
Clonidine -- central alpha agonist |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of actin of cocaine? Ocular side effects? |
|
Definition
MOA: block dopamine and norepinephrine uptake in reward centers of the brain
Mydriasis |
|
|
Term
| Which medication is a synthetic T4 hormone? what condition does it treat? |
|
Definition
| Levothyroxine (synthroid) trts hypothyroid |
|
|
Term
| Who takes insulin? How does it work? |
|
Definition
Type I diabetics, Type II diabetics uncontrolled, and gestational diabetes
Promotes the formation and storage of glycogen, protein and triglycerides. Cell surface receptor causes activation of tyrosine kinase receptors and a phosphorylation cascade |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the lobes of the pituitary gland? How is connected to the hypothalamus? What region of the brain is it in? |
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis = anterior lobe and Neurohypophysis = posterior lobe. Connected via infundibulum stalk like structure. Region = diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What is the suffix all sulfonylureas have in common? What are these medications used for? What is the MOA |
|
Definition
-ide
NIDDM not controlled by diet/exercise
MOA: 1. increase secretion of insulin by beta cells. 2. decreased glucagon release 3. increased sensitivity to insulin in periphery |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA for Biguanides = Metformin. Who is it CI i? What is a rare adverse effect? |
|
Definition
Decreases liver glucose production and increases glucose uptake
CI in renal insufficiency
S/E = lactic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What class of medications is Acarbose (Precose)? How does it work? What are the adverse effect? |
|
Definition
Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors
MOA: inhibits Carb breakdown and intestial uptake (carb is in the med name!!)
S/E gas and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Which class of medications bind peroxisome proliferator activated receptors? PPARs to increase glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissues |
|
Definition
Thiazolidinediones (the zones): Actos and Avandia
Cause weight gain and edema (if already have CHF can cause MI) |
|
|
Term
| Why do we not give estrogen alone? |
|
Definition
| Can cause endometrial cancer |
|
|
Term
| Estrogens are used to treat what conditions |
|
Definition
| Contraceptives, hypogonadism, hypopituitarism, post menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, dysmenorrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of estrogens |
|
Definition
| Dry eyes, nausea, edema, breast tenderness, hyperpigmentation, migraines, HTN, increased risk of deep vein thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| What medication can be given with birth control to treat hirsutism in women? MOA? |
|
Definition
Spironolactone
MOA: antagonist of mineralocorticoid or androgen receptors |
|
|
Term
| What medication is used to treat pheochroocytoma? Works by stopping Nor and Epi from being formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What portion of the LOH do the follopwing work on?
Furosemide (Lasix)
Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide
Spironolactone (aldactone) & Triamterene (Dyrenium)
Mannitol |
|
Definition
Furosemide --> thick ascending LOH
thiazides --> distal convoluted tubule
Spironolactone & Triamterene -> late DCT and collecting duct
Mannitol --> entire nephron |
|
|
Term
| What MOA does the diuretic furosemide (Lasix) have? As a result what adverse effects can occur? |
|
Definition
MOA: inhibits Na/2Cl-/K+ co transport, and also increases Ca2+ secretion (LOH loses Ca2+)
S/e: ototoxicity, HYPOkalemia, dehydration, nephritis, gout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of the thiazide diuretics? |
|
Definition
Hyper GLUC
Glycemia, Lipidemia, Uricemia (gout), and Calcemia |
|
|
Term
| What is a side effect of spironolactone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is aldosterone release? and what are its effects? |
|
Definition
In response to decrease blood volume and increased K+ concentration
It works to increase Na reabsorption and secretion of K |
|
|
Term
| ACE inhibitors all contain what suffix? What is their MOA? |
|
Definition
-pril
MOA: prevents formation of ANgiotensin II by inhibiting ANgiotensin converting enzyme (ACE!!!) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main side effect of ACE inhibitors? What class of drugs works similarly but does not have this adverse side effect? |
|
Definition
COUGH!
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB's) = Losartan (Cozaar) |
|
|
Term
Name Some non selective Beta 1 and 2 anatagonists used systemically?
Some selective B 1 blockers? |
|
Definition
Nonselective: Propranolol (Inderal), Labetalol (Trandate)
Selective: Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol (Tenormin) |
|
|
Term
| What class of medications that block L type calium channels work to decrease peripheral vascular resistance is also recommended by some to treat low tension glaucoma? What other class of medications should you not combine these with? |
|
Definition
Calcium channel blockers -- Nifedipine (Procardia)
Dont give Ca channel blockers with a beta blocker |
|
|
Term
| What receptors does Clonidine (catapress work on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the vasodilators that works to increase cGMP which results in smooth muscle relaxation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Digoxin work? What is it used to treat? What are the adverse effects? |
|
Definition
Digoxin inhibits Na/K ATPase enzyme (NAK for getting Dig-its)
Treats CHF
Side effects of digoxin: retrobulbar optic neuritis, BY color defect, entopic phenomenon (snowing vision, dimming vision, flickering lights) |
|
|
Term
| Amiodarone is in what class of antiarrhythmic drug? |
|
Definition
| Class III K+ channel blocker |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse side effects? What are the risk factors for development? |
|
Definition
NAION, whorl keratopathy, anterior subcapsular lens deposits, fatal pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction
RF:
Optic Neuropathy: uncommon, occurs within weeks of starting
Whorl Keratopathy: common esp @ >400mg/day
Anterior subcapsular lens deposits: common if >600 mg/day after 6 mo of trtment |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat chronic stable angina? Hw does it work? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
Organic Nitrates (nitroglycerin)
MOA: vasodilation by releasing nitric oxide in smooth muscle
Route of administration sublingual to increase bioavailability and rapid but short duration |
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant works by increasing the rat eof antithrombin III activity which leads to inactivation of thrombin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Warfarin work? Who is it CI in? How do you reverse its effects? |
|
Definition
it is a vitamin K antagonist, interferes with clotting factors II VII and IX. CI in pregnancy
To reverse effects give vitamin K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after HA or stroke to prevent further atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of the statins? What are their adverse effects? |
|
Definition
MOA: competitively inhibit HMG CoA reductase, enzyme used for biosynthesis of cholesterol --> lower LDL Triglycerides and increase HDL
S/E = GI, HA, rash, hepatotoxicity myopathy |
|
|
Term
| What cholesterol does Fenofibrate or Tricor help to reduce? what adverse effects can they cause? |
|
Definition
Triglycerides, lowers conc of VLDL and triglyercide
Adverse: GI disturbances, skin rash, urticaria, myositis |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Bile Acid Binding Resins - Cholestyramine (QUestran) |
|
Definition
| Constipation and fatty stools |
|
|
