Term
Name 3 common presenting symptoms of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Three for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
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Definition
Acute-anemia, thrombocytopenia,neutropenia
In chronic they will present with fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. |
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Term
| Differentiate the lab findings for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
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Definition
Acute: a lot of abnormal myeloblastic cells (in peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy)
Chronic: Increase in the number of myeloid cells, platelets and erythrocytes in peripheral smear and myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow |
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Term
Myelogenous leukemias:
differentiate the treatments for the chronic and acute forms |
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Definition
Acute: Radiation, stem cell transplant, radiotherapy (induction and postremission stages)
Chronic-treat with Imatinib (if they have the Philadelphia chromosome), BM transplant if early, radiation if late in disease |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Imatinib |
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Definition
A Tyrosine kinase inhibitor that interferes with signalling pathways
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Term
| 3 Disease phases of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
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Definition
Chronic phase-no/few symptoms
Accelerated myeloproliferative phase (worsened anemia, poor response to therapy)
Short Terminal Blastic phase (elevated blast cells, multiple complications, resembles the acute form) |
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Term
| Which population is mostly affect by Acute Lymphocytic leukemia |
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Definition
| 75% is in children/adolescents |
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Term
| Briefly describe symptoms associated with an elevated WBC count |
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Definition
Headache
confusion
pallor
dyspnea
gingival hyperplasia
petechia
purpura
hepatosplenomegaly
subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Term
| Briefly differentiate between Acute and chronic forms of lymphocytic leukemia |
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Definition
Acute is characterized by a dramatic increase in WBC count
Chronic is characterized by a malignant proliferation of abnormal lymphoid cells that appear to be normal |
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Term
| Which is more common, B-cell CLL or T-cell CLL? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lab findings associated with Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
Acute: Leukocytosis (raised WBC count), severe anemia, thrombocytopenia and low granulocytes, hypercellular bone marrow with blasts dominating
Chronic: similar, with high lymphocyte count and bone marrow is replaced with abnormal cells, may have anemia and thrombocytopenia. |
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Term
| Differentiate treatment of Acute and Chronic forms of Lymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
Acute-intensive chemo and radiation in 3 stages-induction of remission, intensification/CNS prophylaxis, maintenance.
Chronic-seldom curable, dictated by stage of disease and age.
If young-chemo and monoclonal antibodies
If elderly just 1 of the 2. |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for children with ALL |
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Definition
| Quite good, 80-90%, is barely even half that for adults. |
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Term
| Describe the clinical presentation of Hodgkin disease (lymphoma) |
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Definition
Palpable, painless lympadenopathy
Cyclical fever
Unintentional weight loss |
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Term
| What is the diagnostic histological (from lymph node biopsy) feature of Hodgkin disease |
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Definition
| Reed-Stemberg Cells, which are multi-nucleated giant cells unique to this disease |
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Term
| Which virus is associated with Hodgkin disease |
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Definition
| Epstein-barr virus has been found in the Reed-Stemberg cells that are associated with Hodgkins. |
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Term
| Describe the 4 Ann Arbor stages of Hodgkin disease |
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Definition
I: confined to a single lymph node
II: 2 or more lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm
III: disease on both sides of diaphragm
IV: Metastatic stage (present in extralymphatic sites) |
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Term
| What is the overall prognosis for Hodgkin disease? |
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Definition
| Very good with radiation and chemo, 90% for stage I, 85% for the other stages. |
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Term
| In terms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which has the worst prognosis, T cell or B cell lymphomas |
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Definition
| T cell lymphomas are associated with worse outcomes |
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Term
| Name the 3 categories of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas |
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Definition
Indolent (MALT lymphoma)
Aggresive (diffuse large B cell lymphoma, peripheral T cell lymphoma)
Highly aggresive (eg. Burkitt lymphoma) |
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Term
| What is used to differentially diagnose persistent painless lymphadenopathy |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 3 types of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which is considered incurable? |
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Definition
Indolent lymphomas (advanced stage)
The other 2 are responsive to treatment even in the advanced stage |
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Term
| What is the clinical term for neoplasm of mature and immature plasma cells (clonal malignancy) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is going on physiologically to cause the symptoms associated with multiple myeloma |
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Definition
Marrow replacement
bone destruction
production of monoclonal antibodies/antibody fragments |
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Term
| Describe the lab findings in multiple myeloma |
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Definition
Excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins by malignant cells (M-spike)
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Term
| Name 3 treatment methods of multiple myelomas |
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Definition
1. Chemotherapy
2. Autologous stem cell transplant (person's own stem cells)
3. Allogeneic stem cell transplant (donor stem cells) |
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Term
| What tissue types are involved in carcinomas |
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Definition
| Epitelial and endothelial embryonic tissue |
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Term
| What tissue types are involved in sarcomas |
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Definition
| Those derived from mesenchymal embryonic tissue |
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Term
| Which viruses have been implicated in liver cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of cancer are associated with HIV |
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Definition
Hodgkins and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Kaposi's sarcoma |
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Term
| Which virus is associated with cervical, head and neck cancer? |
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Definition
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) |
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Term
| Which virus is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 'step's in initiation of tumour cells |
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Definition
1. Deletion/inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes
2. Activation of oncogenes |
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Term
| Name 2 factors that contribute to tumor angiogenesis |
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Definition
Increased gene expression of proangiogenic factors (VEGF, FGF, IL-8)
Loss of negative regulators |
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Term
| What about the tumour vessel system makes it difficult to deliver drugs to it? |
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Definition
| Vessels are weak, leaky and discontinuous. |
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Term
| At what age should women start getting yearly mammograms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some tests that are part of colorectal cancer screening |
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Definition
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Double contrast barium enema
CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
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