Term
| Forces favoring filtration |
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Definition
| Forces favoring filtration |
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Term
| Forces favoring reabsorption |
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Definition
Plasma oncotic pressure (water-pulling)
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) |
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Definition
ADH secretion in the absence of hypovolemia or hyperosmolality
Hyponatremia with hypervolemia
Manifestations: cerebral edema, muscle twitching, headache, and weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypertension, tachycardia, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lethargy, confusion, decreased reflexes, seizures, and coma |
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Term
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Definition
Usually the result of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentration
Develops as a result of vomiting and the loss of HCl
Occurs in cystic fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs with hypernatremia or a bicarbonate deficit
Usually secondary to pathophysiologic processes
Managed by treating underlying disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Major intracellular cation
Concentration maintained by Na+/K+ pump
Regulates intracellular electrical neutrality in relation to Na+ and H+
Essential for transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction
Changes in pH affect K+ balance
Hydrogen ions accumulate in the ICF during states of acidosis. K+ shifts out to maintain a balance of cations across the membrane.
Aldosterone, insulin, and catecholamines influence serum potassium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane hyperpolarization causes a decrease in neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and cardiac dysrhythmias |
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Term
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Definition
Mild attacks
Increased neuromuscular irritability
Tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea
Severe attacks
The cell is not able to establish normal resting state, resulting in muscle weakness, loss or muscle tone, and flaccid paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
Decreases the block of Na+ into the cell
Increased neuromuscular excitability (partial depolarization)
Muscle cramps |
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Term
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Definition
Increases the block of Na+ into the cell
Decreased neuromuscular excitability
Muscle weakness
Cardiac arrest
Kidney stones
Constipation |
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Term
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Definition
Osteomalacia (soft bones)
Muscle weakness
Bleeding disorders (platelet impairment)
Anemia
Leukocyte alterations
Antacids bind phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
See hypocalcemia
High phosphate levels are related to the low calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression |
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Term
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Definition
| depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| depression of HCO3– or an increase in noncarbonic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| elevation of HCO3– usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids |
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