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Electricity through a wire.
ie. Telephone, cable tv |
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Use of radio
ie. Cellphone, WiFi, satellite tv |
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| The transfer of information over a distance by electrical, electromagnetic or photonic means. |
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Use of light
ie. tv remote |
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The process of placing the signal onto or into a carrier signal.
Required because most signals can not travel over a distance by themselves. |
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Any unwanted signal that interferes with the desired signal.
To email, spam is noise. |
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| telecommunications between machines. |
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| Objectives of Telecommunications (4) |
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Definition
1. Communicate
2. Share information
3. Share resources
4. Act centrally when decentrally located, provides distributed system, where needed with centralized control. |
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| Anything that favorably distinguishes a firm, it's products, or services from those of its competitors in the eyes of the customers or end-users in such a way that the consumer chooses to purchase that product or service over another. |
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| A group of interrelated and interdependent parts, working together to achieve a common goal. |
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| Management Information Systems |
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| All systems and capabilities necessary to manage, process, use and transport information as a resource to the organization. |
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| Working at the office without being at the office. |
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Uses a single process distributed to many computers, all working on the same process.
AKA Grid Computing, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, United Devices |
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The bringing together or two or more media
ie. Audio & Visual
Text & Graphics (email)
The major reason we need/want more bandwith. |
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| The information carrying capacity of a channel/circuit. |
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Those with resources and those without.
Developed and developing countries. Wants and want-nots. |
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| A circuit is a physical path between two points. |
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A channel is all or part of a circuit.
Anything that connects the nodes. |
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| A network is a system composed of two or more nodes connected by one or more channels. |
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| A node is an end-point or a switch-point. |
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Provide connectivity
-share information
-share resources
-communicate
-operate remotely |
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| to reduce file size of a file by eliminating redundancy or unneeded data. |
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Beff = Bnat - Noise + Compression
Beff = Effective Bandwith
Bnat = Native Bandwith |
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| The process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than an unencoded representation would use through use of specific encoding schemes. |
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| Analog signals have three paramaters: |
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Definition
1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3. Phase |
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Definition
The technical term for analog frequency and bandwith.
The greater the hertz (Hz), the higher the pitch of an audible signal. |
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Superimposing one signal onto another.
"Loading the voice on a carrier" |
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Definition
Modulator - demodulator device.
Carries digital data over an (noisy) analog circuit.
Modems do not convert, they transport. |
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| Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) |
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Definition
| FSK is used by the simplest. FSK uses specific tones to represent 1s and 0s in each direction. |
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Definition
Dividing frequency or time to create channels on a circuit.
When a channel is established but not totally utilized, the potential exists to further divide the channel for additional uses. |
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| Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM |
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Definition
| FDM places several signals onto one channel or circuit by placing each at a different part of the (analog) frequency spectrum. |
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| Time Division Multiplexing TDM |
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Definition
| TDM share the circuit's time allocation. |
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| Statistical Time Division Multiplexing STDM |
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Definition
| STDM share a single line among multiple sources ona non-uniform basis. |
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Definition
| The characteristic of a signal to reduce in strength with distance. |
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| Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN |
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Definition
| a digital replacement of the analog POTS telephone. Based on DSL technology. Placing terminators (modems) on each end of an analog line creates a digital environment to increase its capability. |
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| Fiber to the neighborhood, coax to the home. |
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| Special air medium, high-frequency, line-of-sight radio systems that send signals from one transmitting station to one receiving station. |
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Definition
| Multichannel multipoint distribution service. Point to multi-point. |
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| Point to Multipoint satellite radio |
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Definition
Same as microwave radio except sending station transmits relay station 22,300 miles above earth in geosynchronous orbit.
Footprint is 1/3 of the earth.
Propagation delay = .24secs
Only security is encryption
Easy to install, easy to move.
ie. DirecTV, Dish Network, broadcast delivery |
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Term
| Point to Point Microwave Radio |
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Definition
Microwave radio circuits are special air medium, high-frequency, line-of-sight radio systems that send signals from one transmitting station to one receiving station.
Line of sight - 20 to 30 miles between towers. |
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| Coaxial Cable ___, ___, ___ MHZ |
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Definition
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| Omni-directional radio ___MHZ AM, ___MHZ FM |
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| Over the air, omni-directional, amplitude modulation |
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| Over the air, omni-directional, frequency modulation |
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| Satellite, digital modulation |
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Definition
over the air broadcast, omni-directional, digital modulation
on AM band - FM bandwith
on FM band - CD bandwith |
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Color of Insulation on wires:
Telephone |
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Definition
| Small, almost round, black UTP |
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Term
Color of Insulation on wires:
Coaxial |
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Definition
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Term
Color of Insulation on wires:
110v power to the home |
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Definition
two round black wires, one un-insulated (silver) ground wire
220v across black wires |
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Color of Insulation on wires:
High Voltage |
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Definition
Silver, no insulation
7000 - 25000 volts, will kill you |
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| Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives |
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A concept or plan that is implemented in a set of: hardware, software and communications products.
It specifies protocols, formats and standards to which all hardware and software in the network must conform. |
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| A set of rules or descriptions about a specific piece of equipment, software or service. Standards allow interoperability. |
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| Known only to the originator. |
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Definition
Build to a standard that others can view.
Built to interoperate with outhers
Allows mixture of multiple vendors |
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Definition
Electronic Data Interchange is a cooperative system, possible only via the use of standards.
The process of direct computer-to-computer communication of information or parties that, as a result of this communication; permits the receiver to perform a specific set of business functions. |
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| Focuses on unique communications services, such as file transfer, email, remote terminal entry. |
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| Formatting and displaying the data to and from the application layer and deals with the transmission format of the data. ie. virtual terminal, security, encryption, conversion, compression. |
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| Deals with the organization of a logical session. |
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| Maintains a reliable and cost-effective communications channels. Does not determine the route, but it ensures that a reliable channel exists between the computer processes. |
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| Defines message addressing and routing methods. Routes the data from node to node. |
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| Concerns itself with the actual transmission of characters and sequence in which they are transmitted. This layer attempts to deliver error free data over the circuit between adjacent computers that is established by the physical layer. |
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Definition
| Sends bits across the network... electrical, electromagnetic or photonic signal of a specified voltage or frequency and characteristics for transmission. |
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Definition
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Standard for internet, therefore for most traffic (IP) |
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Definition
| Transmission Control Protocol manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer at the receiving end, which then reassembles the packets into the original message. TCP is responsible for verifying correct delivery of data from client to server. |
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Definition
| a one to one relationship between a single source and a single destination. |
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| Broadcasting/Multicasting |
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Definition
| Sending out data to multiple destinations. |
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