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| Despite having occurred 15 days after the signing of the peace treaty with Great Britain, the Battle of New Orleans was a brilliant victory (one of the few unequivocal American successes of the war), and it launched Andrew Jackson on the road to the presidency |
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Connected Middle TN with the lower Mississippi River
Transported goods quickly over land |
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| Managed the first upstream navigation up to Knoxville in 1828 |
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1830s - businessmen asked for assistance from the state to build railroads
TN got a late start on railroad construction
By 1860, 1,200 miles of track had been constructed mainly in East TN
No line connected Knoxville and Nashville directly
With coal mining developing along the railroad, East TN felt disconnected from the rest of the state |
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In 1840, TN wa sthe largest producer of corn in the nation
TN raised more hogs than any other state
Success was due to fertile land and ready access to the markets
Much of the South was devoted to cotton production, so TN had a variety in the farm economy |
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| Developing along the railroad |
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Nashville became a center of cultural and intellectual life
Music publishing started around 1824
By the 1850s, the University of Nashville became one of the nation's foremost medical schools |
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| Memphis and Nashville wharfs |
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| TN's corn and hog farms contributed large amounts of the foodstuffs going downriver to supply other Southern plantations |
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Good time for politics between 1820-1850
TN's politicians held significant influence over the nation's affairs
Andrew Jackson had the most impact |
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| Andrew Jackson's impact (Golden Age) |
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Lost presidential bid in 1824
Brought in huge numbers of voters in the elections of 1828 and 1832 |
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Jackson's policy for removing the Indians to lands beyond the Mississippi River
Cherokee were removed from Georgia, despite taking up "European" practices and a Supreme Court decision upholding Cherokee rights
Jackson ordered the Army to remove the Cherokee with force if necessary
Few members of the Cherokee signed the removal action, but most did not
Cherokee lands were then sold by the state to settlers |
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Southeastern tribes were removed to Oklahoma Territory
Some bands of Cherokee who refused to leave escaped to the Smoky Mounts where their descendants still live
Cherokee lands were then sold by the state to settlers |
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American Westerner artist
Best known for his painting called "The Trail of Tears" |
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Developed his political career as a strong opponent to Jackson and his policies
Served six terms as governor from 1821 to 1835
Politicians generally defined themselves according to where they stood on Jackson and his policies |
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Cherokee silversmith
Created the Cherokee alphabet
Made reading and writing in Cherokee possible |
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TN became the birthplace of the Whig Party, an anti-Jackson political party
Whig candidates won six out of nine contests between 1836 and 1852
Whigs carried TN in six consecutive elections |
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| Davy Crockett and Sam Houston |
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In 1836, these Tennesseans led the fight for Texas independence at the Alamo and San Jacinto
Heavy enlistment of Tennesseans in the Mexican War gave TN the name of "Volunteer State" |
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Democratic presidential candidate in 1844 from TN
TN did not vote in favor of him - instead voted for the Whig Henry Clay
Voters turned out for the election in record numbers
His first act as president was to annex Texas |
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| Heavny enlistment of Tennesseans in the Mexican War gave TN the name of "Volunteer State" |
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A war of southern expansion
As a result, California, Oregon, and the New Mexico territory were added to the US |
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Led an uprising of slaves against slave owners
Event prompted TN to step up patrols on runaway slaves and tightened the codes regulating slave conduct, assembly, and movement |
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| Southern Convention in Nashville |
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Angry over northern interference in slavery, delegates from all over the South met in 1850 in Nashville to express their defiance
TN supported pro-slavery, but not secessionism generally
Felt like it was their volunteer duty to stay with the nation instead of siding with the Deep South in leaving the Union |
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| Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party |
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Definition
South felt that Lincoln and the anti-slavery Republican Part were threates to their agrarian system
Lincoln had little support in TN - his name was not even on the 1860 ballot |
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Ally to slaveholders
Slaveholder in West and Middle TN held political significance
Pro-secession
Worked to join the Confederates' agenda |
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| Constitutional Union Party and John Bell |
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Definition
Most Tenneseans had little interest in leaving the Union
In 1860, TN voted Constitutional Unionist John Bell to get TN out of the conflict
In 1861, 54% of the state's voters did not want to send delegates to the secession convention |
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| Confederate v. Union loyalists |
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Definition
East TN stood firm to stay with the Union
West and Middle TN stood firm to leave for the Confederacy
After Fort Sumter, Middle TN voted for secession
TN was the last state to leave the Union |
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187,000 Confederates and 51,000 Federal soldiers deployed
TN was greatly divided on the war
On one side of Gay Street, Confederate recruiters signed up men, and Union recruiters did the same on the other end |
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Army made up mostly of Confederate army's western army
Albert Sidney Johnston, commander
TN was a border state and central to much fighting |
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| Commander of the Army of Tennessee |
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| Fort Henry and Fort Donelson |
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Ft. Henry - TN River
Ft. Donelson - Cumberland River
Defensive line's 2 weakest points - 12 miles apart from each other
Flowed through the heart of the Upper South and to Nashville |
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General of the Union Army
Along with Commodore Andrew Foote, led 7 gunboats and 15,000 troops to attack Fort Henry
Foote's flotilla came around the Cumberland River, Grant led the army on land to attack Fort Donelson
Confederates decided to surrender |
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Led seven gunboats and 15,000 troops to attack Fort Henry with Ulysses S. Grant
Foote's flotilla came around the Cumberland River |
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Colonel for the Confederate Army
Did not want to surrender at Fort Donelson
Led several troops out of the fighting and into safety
Served as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan |
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| Guerilla Warfare, partisans |
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Definition
After Confederate forces left for Mississippi, TN was occupied by Union troops
A resistance ensued, resulting in guerrilla warfare to prove that even though the Union controlled the waterways and towns, they could not control the countryside
Warfare between Confederate partisans and Federal troops afflicted much of the state |
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April 1862 near Shiloh Chapel in Hardin County, TN
Gen. Johnston sent 40,000 troops to attack a Union camp
Confederates came close to driving Grant into the river, but didn't deliever the final blow
Union received reinforcements and the Confederates withdrew
More men died here than in any other battle in American history prior |
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June 6, 1862
Confederates could not fight off Union gunboats on the western rivers
Only pro-Union East TN remained in Confederate hands |
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Former governor of TN
Appointed by Lincoln to be the military governor after the government fled in exile
Unpopular, but heavily supported by the Federal government
Wanted to get TN back in to the Union ASAP |
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Commander of the Army in TN
Advanced into Kentucky for an inconclusive Battle of Perryville
Withdrew back to Murfreesboro, TN |
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Led the Federal army of 50,000 to Nashville
Confederates unsuccessful in pushing the Union back
Bragg launched an infantry assault - failed miserably
Rosencrans pushed Bragg out of TN for good in July 1863 |
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Led cavalry raids, along with Forrest, against the Union army
Stopped Union advance on Chattanooga
Returned control of lower Middle TN to the confederates |
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Bragg vs. Rosencrans
Battle outside of Murfreesboro from December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863
Very bloody with a high rate of casualties on both sides
Battle results were inconclusive |
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Name for General George H. Thomas
Union general
Led Union troops in the Battle of Stones River and the Battle of Chickamauga |
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| Chattanooga and Chickamauga |
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Two-thirds of the Union army in Chattanooga
Gen. Thomas averted the army from destruction and helped Rosencrans's army escape
Army of TN won at Chickamauga, but lost 21,000 men
Bragg failed to make any progress |
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The Union dug in around Chattanooga
Confederates occupied the heights above the town
November 25, Grant sent his troops to Chattanooga and drove Bragg's army off Missionary Ridge and back to Georgia |
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Ambrose Burnside, general of the Union army
Captured Knoxville and restored East TN to the Union
Whole state now in the hands of the Union
TN sustained two armies and created a hardship on the citizens for food, crops, and livestock |
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| General of the Union army |
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The war made life for African Americans difficult
Slave plantations and discipline began to break down
In late 1863, the Union army started using African Americans in combat
TN furnished one of the largest forces of black troops during the war
20,133 blacks served in Union units |
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General for the Union army
Captured Atlanta and created immense devastation in his path |
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New commander of the Army of Tennessee
Left Georgia to Sherman and went back into TN to threaten Nashville
Wanted to draw the Union away from the other areas in the South - desperate plan |
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November 30, 1864
Hood ordered 20,000 infantry to charge across an open field against the Union army
1,750 Confederates killed
Hood's reckless plan destroyed the Army of TN
The military struggle for TN ended |
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| William G. "Parson" Brownlow |
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TN Unionist met in Nashville to begin the process to be readmitted to the Union
The convention nominated William G. "Parson" Brownlow of Knoxville for governor
Repudiated the act of secession
Submitted for referendum a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery
TN only seceded state to abolish slavery on its own |
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April 14, 1865
Shot by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater
Vice President Andrew Johnson sworn in as new president
Changed the course of Reconstruction drastically |
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Includes clauses to deal with former Confederates
Many people in TN opposed the 14th amendment, particularly on the liabilities it placed on ex-Confederates |
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May 1-3, 1866
Shooting altercation between white policemen and black freedmen
White civilians and policemen ran through black neighborhoods, destroying property and killing several people
About 46 blacks and 2 whites killed |
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Opposed Brownlow as governor in 1869
Started the summer of 1867
Made up of ex-Confederates to intimidate black voters
When Brownlow left TN in 1869 to be a US senator, the Klan formally disbanded |
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Succeeded Brownlow as governor in 1869
Radical who allowed ex-Confederates to vote
Seven times as many people voted in that election than in the rigged election of Brownlow |
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Discriminatory tax
A pre-condition to those who want to vote
If an adult male whose father or grandfather voted in a prior election, they could vote tax free
Tax meant to affect blacks and Indians who did not have a vote in the prior elections before or during the war |
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| Freedmen's Bureau, Fisk University |
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Definition
Created to aid former slaves
Set up hundreds of black public schools
It was not successful in helping blacks get land ownership
Fisk University - black college founded to meet the needs of higher education |
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Wells challenged the laws on railroads in an 1883 court case
Also drew the nation's attention to the use of lynching as a means of terrorism against blacks |
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Lynchings, beatings, and arson were methods to enforce white supremacy
By the 1870s, this system included the legal enforcement of second-class citizenship for blacks - statutory discrimination
By the 1880s, the legislature mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks in public accommodations and on railroads |
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After the war, there was a labor shortage and property losses
To address the problem, a "New South" was advertised to promote industry, skilled labor, and outside capital
Promoters and state officials worked to attract skilled foreign immigrants to be used for labor
Most blacks left for the cities
Also promoted educational reform to reduce the state's high illiteracy rate and establish regular school terms |
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Many northerners came to TN to take advantage of chap labor and natural resources
General John Wilder built a major ironworks at Rockwood in Roane County
Rockwood and several other towns benefited from the iron industry |
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During the 1870s, a statewide administrative structure and general school fund were put into place
Did not appropriate enough funds to operate a regular school schedule
Vanderbilt University was chartered
East TN College was converted into the University of TN
Meharry Medical College was founded and became a leading black medical school |
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Governor who dispatched a state militia to the Coal Creek area in response to the strikes in Anderson and Grundy counties
Militia fought battles with armed miners
Arrested 500 men and killed 27 |
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Prisoners were leased to work in the mines to relieve overcrowded prisons
Way of saving money for the state
Largest mine operator was the Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company (TCI)
In 1891, TCI in Anderson and Grundy counties used convicts as strikebreakers against striking coal miners
Miners began releasing convicts and burning down stockades |
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Farmers concentrated on cotton, tobacco, and peanuts as cash crops
The Depression of 1873 caused falling farm prices, excessive railroad rates, and burdens of tenancy
Resulted in sharecropping |
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| First Tennessee Infantry, 1898 |
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Definition
War with Spain in 1898
Dispatched in 1898 to San Francisco, then on to Manila in the Philippines
Aided the suppression of the Filipino nationalist movement |
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Utopian colony, an experimental community
1880, absentee landowners sold author Thomas Hughes land in Morgan County
For 20 years, people settled in the colony to partake in intellectual and vocational opportunities |
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| Tennessee Centennial Exposition |
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Nashville, 1897
Honor of the state's 100th birthday
Showcased industrial technology and exotic paper-mache versions of the world's wonders
Drew in almost 2 million visitors
Wanted to show off the South's progress after the war |
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| Tenants live on someone else's land and pay a high percentage of the crops to landowner |
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Obstruction in the TN River that landlocked East TN
Prevented an outlet to the western waters
Steamboat Atlas managed the first upstream navigation up to Knoxville in 1828
Despite possible navigation, East TN saw that roads would be a better way of travel |
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