Evolution is the unifying theory

of biology, because it helps

us understand the diversity

of life on the planet. 

OR 

Change in the genetic makeup

of a population over time

(OVER GENERATIONS–

OVER AN ENTIRE POPULATION)

If we put a lion and a tiger together

in a zoo enclosure, they

will breed, creating a

liger. Why is this possible?

An explanation is why this is possible

–common traits, common DNA,

enough universal commonalities

that allow them to breed. 

Theories are statements or

models that have been

tested and confirmed

Theories: 

1) Explain data and observations

2) Can be used to make predictions

3) Not absolute, can change

a statement about the expected outcome of a scientific experiment or observation, based on existing knowledge, theory, or evidence, that helps test a hypothesis

A prediction can be created due to a theory. They are often written in an "if--then" statement. 

The main ideas of evolution are: 

1) change in FREQUENCY of

traits in a population over time

(frequency refers to the # of

organisms with a particular trait)

2) organisms came from

PRE-EXISTING organisms. 

What theory is Charles

Darwin credited with?

He is credited with the

theory of evolution

by natural selection.

(AKA survival of the fittest)

What was Lamarck's theory

of Acquired Characteristics?

According to Lamarck, organisms

altered their behavior in

response to environmental

change. Their changed

behavior, in turn, modified their

organs, and their offspring

inherited those "improved" structures.

The difference between

science and Theology

(Mr. Homan's talk)

SCIENCE: Study the natural world around us, General revelation (anyone can do it), Science answers HOW questions  

THEOLOGY: We study our relationship to God, Special Revelation (the Bible), Theology answers WHY questions

BOTH:

Help us understand the truth (John 15)

Blue footed booby's, marine

iguanas, Galapagos

penguin, Finches, giant tortoise 

The Galapagos Islands

He was there with the British,

aiming to make better maps of South America

The theory of evolution

how organisms ___ or ____ over time. 

From the video we viewed

on Galapagos Finches,

what was the "mystery of mysteries"

What were the 3 main points

of Darwin's book, The Origin of Species.

1)Species produce more offspring

than can survive

2) Individuals compete for resources

and mates. 

3) Those with the best traits

produce the most offspring,

which will also have those traits.  

What does the acronym 

VIDA

stand for with regards to evolution?

Variation

Inheritance

Differential Survival & reproduction

Adaptation

This came to be known as

NATURAL SELECTION

Proposed by Darwin, he proposed

that each living species has

descended with changes from other species. 

[image]

When humans select variations

they found useful and

bred animals and plants

for those traits, it is called what?

True or False?

Humans can influence the

evolution of a species?

What are the pieces of evidence

that prove the theory of evolution?

What does fossil evidence show

with regard to evolution?

• Similarities between living and extinct animals

• Earth's layers & the species that lived during that time.

A "transitional species," also known as

a transitional form, is a fossil

or organism that exhibits traits

intermediate between those

of two different species,

providing evidence of

evolutionary change and the

"missing links" between ancestral

and descendant forms. 

What does homologous structures show

with regard to evolution?

These are parts of he body

that are similar, but have different

functions. 

[image]

What are Vestigial Organs

with regard to evolution?

These are organs/parts that seem to have no function.

Example:

[image]

What do DNA and Biochemistry

have to do with evolution?

When comparing DNA from one

species to another, more

similarities are found in

species that are closely more related. 

What does the term Embryological

Development mean with

regards to evolution?

Embryos of different species

develop in almost identical ways. 

____ evidence shows when an

organism lived on earth. 

__________ structures look the same

but have different functions, like the

arm of a human and a flipper of a whale. 

_______ of different animals develop

in the same way. 

Domestic animals arose through

the process of ______ _____.

A group that can interbreed and

still produce fertile offspring. 

New species evolve as populations

become _____ from each other. 

Take for example the evolution

of the Galapagos Finches. This is

an example of _____ _____, where

one species become many species. 

***fun***

Example of a phylogenetic tree:

a picture or graph that shows

how a species is related. 

A visual diagram that shows features that are common to a group. 

[image]

Organisms not closely related evolve similar traits as a

result of having to adapt to similar environments. 

[image]

What happens when a population

cannot adapt to their changing environment? 

On Darwin's voyage, he observed ostriches

and rheas living on grasslands on

separate continents. These 2 types

of birds are similar, but not

identical. How did Darwin

apply these observations?

He developed hypotheses to

explain the distribution and

differences of the birds. 

Darwin observed a variety of

tortoises on the Galapagos

Islands. These observations

provided evidence for what?

A dog breeder mates a

friendly, well-trained male

dog with a  similar female

dog. This is an example of what?

The scientists Hutton and Lyell

are credited with what idea

that helped Darwin create his theory?

The environment of organisms

may change over time. 

The scientists Lamarck

is credited with what idea

that helped Darwin create his theory?

The inheritable traits of

species may change over time. 

The scientist Malthus is credited

with what idea

that helped Darwin

create his theory?

In every species in nature,

some individuals survive while

many others die. 

Biogeography is the study of where

an organism live now and where

they and their ancestors lived in the past 

What things can help us tell

how modern organisms

evolved from their ancestors?

Patterns in the distribution of fossils

and living species, combined with

information from geology will tell

us how modern organisms

evolved from their ancestors. 

In the early 20th century, what

technological discoveries helped

geologists to establish the age

of rocks and certain fossils?

The discovery of radioactivity

and Radioactive dating helped

geologists establish the age. 

The fossil of the Basilosaurus,

discovered in Egypt

provided evidence of what?

That evolution of whales from

land mammals. It also provided

evidence for how Earth has

changed over time. The site in

Egypt where the fossil was

found, was once an ancient sea. 

Fossils can clearly show how

modern species evolved from what?

Similar structures, like the bones of

vertebrate limbs, that are

shared by relates species 

and have been inherited

from a common ancestor

are called homologous structures. 

Evolutionary theory explains the

existence of homologous

structures adapted to different

purposes as the result of

_____ with _____ from a

common ancestor. 

Some homologous structures

don't serve important functions.

These are called what?

These structures are inherited

from ancestors, but have lost

much of their original

size and function. 

Body parts that serve similar

functions, but do not share

structure and development

are called _____ _____.

The wing of a bird and the wing

of a bee. Both are used for

flight, but they grow and

develop from different embryonic tissues. 

At the molecular level, overwhelming

similarities in the genetic code of

all organisms, along with homologous

genes are molecules provide

evidence of common descent. 

All living cells use information

coded in DNA and RNA to

carry information from one

generation to the next and to

direct protein synthesis. The

genetic code is nearly identical

in almost all organisms,

including plants, bacteria,

fungi and animals.

This provides evidence of what?

This provides evidence that

all organisms evolved from

common ancestors that shared the code. 

This is a homologous gene that

determines the destinies of

body parts--> Hox genes

determine which part of an

embryo becomes the head, which

becomes the tail, etc.

These are often referred to as

"master control genes".

Yes, recall the research of Darwin's

finches by Peter and Rosemary

Grant and the video and worksheet we did. 

Explain what evolutionary

classification is:

In the past, biologists would group

organisms based solely on their

physical appearance. Today,

with the advancements in

genetics and biochemistry,

biologists can look more closely

at individuals to discover their

pattern of evolution, and group

them accordingly. This is the

process of evolutionary classification.

Artificial selection: defined is when

nature provides the inherited variations,

and humans select those variants

they find useful. Darwin tested

artificial selection himself by

breeding plants and fancy

pigeon varieties. 

Adaptation is any heritable

characteristic that increases an

organisms ability to survive and

reproduce in its environment 

Fitness describes how well an

organism can survive and reproduce

in its environment 

______ _______ is the process by which

organisms in nature with variations

most suited to their local

environment survive and

leave more offspring

 Natural selection occurs in any situation

in which more individuals are

born than can survive (the

struggle for existence), natural

heritable variation affects the

ability to survive and reproduce

(variation and adaptation)

and fitness varies among

individuals (differential

reproductive success) 

True or false:

Natural selection makes organisms better

False --it doesn't make organisms better,

it just has to enable the organism

to adapt and survive better. 

Cladistics is a form of analysis that

looks at features of organisms

that are considered "innovations"

or newer features that serve some

kind of purpose. 

Characteristics that appear in later

organisms but not in earlier

once are called what?

What is adaptive radiation

(aka divergent evolution)?

Adaptive radiation is when one

species becomes many species

(Galapagos Finches) 

from one to many--radiating

from ONE common ancestor. 

Adaptive, because they are adapting

to the selective pressures of their e

nvironment they are in.

Using this, what trait separates lampreys from tuna on this cladogram?:

[image]

Using this diagram, what separates a salamander from a turtle?

[image]

Using this diagram, which organism's DNA will

differ the most from the leopard?

[image]

Biologically, what could you

use in constructing a cladogram?

• anatomical features
• behaviors
• molecular similarities
• molecular differences
• compare strings of amino acids and note differences in the order of them 

Phylogeny is the study of

evolutionary relationships. 

A phylogenetic tree (but

technically there are small

differences between these

2 diagrams) 

According to the principle of common

descent, all species--living or

extinct-- are united by descent

from ancient common ancestors,

and exhibit diversity due to

natural selection and adaptation. 

Scientific theory applies to a tested,

highly-valuable scientific explanation

of events in the natural world that

unifies many repeated observations

and incorporates durable, well-supported

hypotheses that enable scientists

to make accurate predictions. 

Evolution is considered the unifying theme of

biology because it explains both the unity

and diversity of life, providing a framework for

understanding the natural world. It explains how

all living organisms, from bacteria to humans,

share a common ancestry and how they have

diversified over time through natural selection. This

theory also helps biologists make predictions about

living organisms based on ongoing research and experiments.

Radiometric dating is a method for

determining the age of a sample

from the amount of a radioactive

isotope to the nonradioactive

isotope of the same element in a sample. 

Microevolution refers to evolutionary

changes that occur within a population,

specifically changes in the frequency

of different genes or alleles within

that population. These changes are

usually observed over relatively short

periods, such as a few generations.

Macroevolution refers to evolutionary

changes that occur above the level

of individual species,

encompassing processes

like the emergence of new

species, the diversification of

lineages, and the evolution of

major groups of organisms. It's

essentially evolution on a large scale,

focusing on the broad patterns and

trends in the history of life.

Artificial selection, also known as selective

breeding, is a process where humans

actively choose which individuals

with specific traits are allowed to

reproduce and pass on their genes.

This differs from natural selection,

where organisms are selected for by

environmental factors. In artificial

selection, humans consciously select

for desirable traits, leading to changes in populations over time.

In the context of evolution, a hybrid

is an individual resulting from the

mating of two different species or

distinct, genetically differentiated

populations. These hybrids can

exhibit traits intermediate between

their parental forms and can play

a role in evolution through increasing

genetic diversity and potentially

leading to new species.

Phylogenetic gradualism, also known as

phyletic gradualism or evolutionary gradualism,

is a theory in evolutionary biology

that proposes that evolutionary

change occurs slowly and steadily

over long periods of time. It

contrasts with punctuated equilibrium,

which suggests that evolution occurs

in spurts of rapid change followed

by periods of relative stasis.

Punctuated equilibrium is a pattern

of evolution in which long stable periods

are interrupted by brief periods of

more rapid change. 

Coevolution is the process by which two

species evolve in response to

changes in each other over time.