Term
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Definition
| Groups of structurally similar cells that perform a common function |
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Term
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Definition
1. Epithelial Tissue- Covers and lines exposed surfaces and internal passageways. Glandular epithelial tissue (Structures that secrete substances)
2. Connective Tissue- Supports and protects other tissues. Tendons and ligaments are types of connective tissue
3.Muscle Tissue- Produces movement and generates heat.
4.Nervous tissue- Transmits information by electrical signals |
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Term
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
1. Physical barrier- Cover surfaces exposed to external environment. Protects from abrasion, dehydration and pathogens.
2.Regulates movement of substances- "Any substances that enters or leaves the body has to cross a layer of epithelium"
3.Sensation- Many sensors that detect stimuli are modified epithelial cells
4.Secretions-*Gland- Epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood. |
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Term
| Two Broad categories of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular Epithelium |
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Term
| Characteristics of covering and lining epithelium |
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Definition
1.Cellularity- Lots of tightly packed cells
2. Polarity- One side is exposed, the other side is attached
3. Attachment- Epithelial attached to connective
4. Avascularity- No blood cells
5. Regeneration- High rate of regeneration |
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Term
| Structure of Covering and lining epithelial tissue |
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Definition
-Continuous sheets of closely packed cells
-Cells may be arranged in a single layer, or multiple layers.
-Epithelial tissue is connected to some sort of connective tissue which supports it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Side of a epithelial tissue facing a body cavity, the lumen (inside) of a hollow organ, or the surface of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Side of epithelial tissue facing the connective tissue to which it is attached |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibrous extra-cellular layer between the connective tissue and the epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1. Squamous- flat
2. Cuboidul- Cube shape
3. Columnar- Column shape
4. Transitional cells- Can change shape |
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Term
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Definition
Simple- 1 layer
Stratified- Multiple layers
Pseudostratified- Looks like multiple layers but is really only 1 |
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Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
Function: Diffusion, absorption, lubrication
Location: Lining of blood vessels, air sacs in lungs, lining of ventral body cavity |
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Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Physical protection against abrasions and pathogens
Locations: Lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina, and upper layer of epidermis |
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Term
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Some protection where secretion and absorption may take place
Locations: Ducts, kidney tubules |
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Term
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Protection, secretion and absorption
Locations: Rare. Ducts of sweat glands and ducts of salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
Functions: Allows stretching
Location: Urinary bladder |
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Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Protection, secretion and absorption
Locations: Lining of stomach, lining of intestines |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Columnar (Ciliated) Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Protection and secretion
Locations: Lining of airways of respitory system. *Goblet cell secretes mucus to catch debris, etc and then the cilia sweeps it up. |
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Term
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Functions: Protection
Locations: Rare. Pharynx and epiglottis (parts of nasal passages and throat), urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| *Gland- Epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Endocrine glands
-Don't have ducts
-Secrete hormones into the blood
2. Exocrine Glands
-Have ducts
-Secrete substances into hollow organs on onto a free surface |
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Term
| Three types of Exocrine Glands |
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Definition
1. Merocrine Glands
-Substance is released from secretory vesicles
-Exocytosis
~Example: Pancreas
2. Apocrine Glands
-Part of the cell containing the substance is pinched off
~Example: Mammory glands
3. Holocrine Glands
-The cell containing the substance bursts
-Lots of cell division to replace cells
~Example: Sebaceous glands |
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Term
| Connective Tissue is. . .? |
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Definition
| The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. |
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Term
| Structure of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Matrix
-Cells widely scattered in an extracellular matrix
-Matrix composed of a ground substance and protein fibers
Cells
-Different types of cells are found in different types of connective tissue |
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Term
| Matrix of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Matrix
-Ground Substance
-Liquid, gel, or solid
-Often contains glycoproteins and polysaccharide molecule
~Example: Blood-Liquid, Bone-Hard, Solid
Matrix
-Different fibers are found in different types of connective tissue
3 Types of Protein Fibers
1. Collagen Fibers- Like ropes- bend but don't stretch
2. Elastic Fibers
3. Reticular Fibers- Mesh |
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Term
| Cells of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Different types of cells are found in different types of connective tissue
1. Fibroblasts- Secretes protein fibers after producing them
2. White Blood Cells
3. Adipocytes- Main cells, fat cells in tissues
4. Chondrocytes- Cartilage Cells
5. Osteocytes- Bone cells
6. Red Blood Cells |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Functions |
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Definition
1. Support the body- Bones
2. Transport materials- Blood
3. Protect body parts from physical stresses- skull protecting brain
4. Connect other types of tissue- tendons and ligaments
5. Store energy- Adipocytes
6. Protect body from pathogens- White blood cells |
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Term
| 5 Types of Connective Tissue Proper |
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Definition
5 Types of Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
2. Adipose (Fat) Cells
3. Reticular Connective Tissue
4. Dense Connective Tissue
5. Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Term
| Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-All 3 fiber types are present
-Lots of fibroblasts
-Found between muscles, between skin and underlying organs |
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Term
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Definition
-Main cell is adipocytes
-Packed full of lipid droplet
-Cells are densely packed
-Found beneath skin, around kidneys, between muscles and in abdominal cavity |
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Term
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Lots of reticular fibers
-Lots of fibroblasts and white blood cells
-Support soft organs like liver and spleen |
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Term
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Definition
-Lots of collagen fibers
-Densely packed
-Strong tissue that resists stretching
-Found in ligament and tendons |
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Term
| Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Lots of elastic fibers
-Found the walls of hollow organs (large arteries) that change size greatly |
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Term
| Two Types of Liquid Connective Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph Liquid Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Very similar to blood, but without the red blood cells and with fewer proteins
-White blood cells in lymphatic system play a key role in immunity |
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Term
| Cartilage Connective Tissue Types |
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Definition
-Rubbery or gel-like substance
-Specialized cells: Chondrocytes
-Found in little chambers called Lacunae
-Cartilage surrounded by fibrous sheath of dense connective tissue called the perichondrium
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Elastic Cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Large number of collagen fibers-Makes hyaline cartilage tough but somewhat flexible
-Fibers don't tend to take up stain
-Hyaline cartilage is found covering opposing bone surfaces in joints |
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Term
| Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Lots of elastic fibers
-Very flexible
-Found in tip of nose, flap of ear, and epoglottis |
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Term
| Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue |
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Definition
-Lots of interwoven collagen fibers-highly stacked
-Chondrocytes are stacked on top of one another
-Very strong, good at providing support
-Found in between vertebrae in back bone |
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Term
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Definition
Bone:
-Hard matrix results from calcium salts in the matrix
-Specialized cells: osteocytes
-Found in lacunae
-Bone is covered with a fibrous sheath called the periosteum, which is dense connective tissue
-Two types of bone: Compact and spongy |
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Term
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Definition
-Hard matrix results from calcium salts in the matrix
-Specialized cells: Osteocytes
-They're found in the lacunae
-Bone is covered with a fibrous sheath called the periosteum, which is dense connective tissue
-Two types: Compact and Spongy |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet of tissue consisting of a layer of epithelium and the underlying connective tissue |
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Term
| Three types of Epithelial Membranes |
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Definition
1. Mucous Membranes
2. Serous Membranes
3. Cutaneous Membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Lining of body cavities that open to the exterior
-Important defense- Tight junctions prevent harmful substances from getting in
-Examples: Lines respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive and urinary tracts |
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Term
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Definition
-Lines body cavities that do not open to the exterior
-Example: Lines pleural pericardial cavities |
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Term
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Definition
-Skin
-epidermis-Epithelium
-Dermis-Connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-Directly or indirectly attached to bones of skeleton
-Striated-Banded or striped in appearance
-Striation results from regular arrangement of protein fibers in the muscle
-Voluntary Control |
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Term
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Definition
-Muscle of the heart
-Striated
-Involuntary Control |
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Term
| Smooth Muscle (Visceral tissue) |
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Definition
-Found in various parts of the body
-Smooth in appearance(Lacks striations)
-Examples: Found in digestive tract, found in surrounding blood vessels
-Involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
Transmit electrical signals through the body for the purpose of communication
Types of Neural Tissue
1. Neuron - Does the actual conducting of the nervous impulse
2. Neuroglia- Supports the neurons |
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Term
| Cutaneous Membrane Structure |
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Definition
Composed of two layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis |
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Term
| Four Epidermal Cell types |
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Definition
1. Keratinocytes- Most common cells in epidermis
2. Melanocytes- Produce the pigment melanin
3. Langerhans Cells- Special type of white blood cells
4. Merkel cells- Specialized epithelial cells that function in the sense of touch |
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Term
| 5 layers of the epidermis |
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Definition
1. Stratum basale- Bottom most layer of the epidermis. Stem cells. Desmosomes.
2. Stratum spinosum- 8-10 layers of keratinocytes. Desmosomes.
3. Stratum Granulosum- 3-5 layers of keratinocytes. Boundary layer between deeper living cells and superficial dead cells
4. Stratum Lucidum- 3-5 layers of clear, flat, thin, keratinocytes. Found only in the thick skin.
5. Stratum Corneum- 25-30 layers of flat, dead keratinocytes. Contains lipids, helps waterproof. |
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Term
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Definition
Connective tissue
Lots of collagen and elastic fibers
2 Regions of the Dermis
1. Papillary region
2. Reticular Region |
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Term
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Definition
Finger like projections
-Areolar (loose) Connective Tissue
-Dermal papillae
-Sensory receptors
-Contain the closest blood vessels to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
-Dense Connective tissue
-Mostly Collagen with some elastin |
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Term
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Definition
Also known as the subcutaneous layer
-Not usually considered part of the skin
-Connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying muscles and bones
-Contains adipose tissue, blood vessels and nerves |
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