Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increased response to a drug cause by repeated administration. Sensitization is most commonly seen in some responses to stimulants. |
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Term
classical conditioning
(pavlovian, respondent conditioning) |
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Definition
| Learning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a given response is repeatedly linked with one that does until the neutral stimulus elicits the response by itself. |
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Term
UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR - Unconditioned Response
NS - Neutral Stimulus
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
CR - Conditioned Response |
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Definition
UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus:
Agent that leads to a response without training
UCR - Unconditioned Response:
Automatic response to a ucs (unconditioned stimulus)
NS - Neutral Stimulus:
Agent that initially has no effect.
CS - Conditioned Stimulus:
A former ns (neutral stimulus) that comes to elicit a given response after pairing with a ucs (unconditioned stimulus)
CR - Conditioned Response:
A learned response to a cs (conditioned stimulus). |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an uncontrolled stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Term
| taste aversions/Gustavson |
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Definition
taste aversions is an example of classical conditioning when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. This is thought to be an adaptive trait for use of a survival mechanism to avoid further poisoning.
Gustavson conducted taste aversion testing on wild animals, such as wolves and racoons. |
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Term
Watson and Baby Albert
(Experiment) |
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Definition
| Watson studied how babies (Baby Albert) learned emotions. He presented a white rat (CS) and a loud noise (US). After several pairings, Baby Albert showed fear towards the white rat. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or deminished if followed by a punisher |
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Term
| B.F.Skinner & reinforcement |
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Definition
Reinforcement - An increase in the strength of a response following the change in environment immediately following that response.
B.F. Skinner did extensive work with reinforcement, including his schedule of reinforcement:
Continuous: constant delivery of reinforcement for an action; every time a specific action was performed the subject instantly and always received a reinforcement. This method is prone to extinction and is very hard to enforce.
Interval -
(Fixed) — reinforcement is set for certain times.
(Variable) — times between reinforcement are not set, and often differ.
Radio -
(Fixed) — deals with a set amount of work needed to be completed before there is reinforcement.
(Variable) — amount of work needed for the reinforcement differs from the last. |
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Term
primary reinforcers &
seconardy reinforcers
(conditioned reinforcers) |
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Definition
primary - getting food when hungry, an innately satisfying reinforcement
secondary (conditioned) - learned reinforcements, getting their power through their association with primary reinforcers (such as money, good grades) |
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Term
Wolfe's Chimp-O-Mat
(experiment) |
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Definition
| An example of how chimps could learn how to handle a subtle economic market; white poker chips place in a slot machine would produce grapes. The learned the value of the white token and cherished them, as they produced food. The symbols grew to include different colored chips bearing different rewards (two grapes, water). |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement is not a punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the technique whereby an organism learns to terminate unpleasant or punishing stimuli by making the appropriate new response which stops the delivery of such stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in the which the learned recognizes a cue that occurs before unpleasant event and takes evasive action to try to prevent it. |
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Term
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Definition
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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Term
| feedback/transfer/practice |
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Definition
feedback - process of receiving input from the environment based upon the actions or output of the system
transfer - change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation
practice - adaption for carrying out directives and procedures |
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Term
| learned helplessness & laziness |
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Definition
(my own definition, beware!)
the perception one can not accomplish something or does not have the time nor energy to accomplish something simply because they believe no, but because it is true |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted experiments on dogs regarding learned helplessness. Group 1 - no shock, Group 2 - shock with a lever to stop shocking, Group 3 - continuous shock. Group 3 exhibited signs of clinical depression and learned to become helpless in their predicament. |
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Term
| stability/globality/internality |
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Definition
stability - the quality of being enduring and free from change or variation
globality - the idea of globalization as a consequence of modernity
internality - types of behaviors that impose cost on a person in the long run that are not taken into account when making decisions in the present. |
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Term
| Bandura & modeling and observation |
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Definition
| Bandura conducted research pertaining to social modeling in human motivation, thought, and action. |
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Term
| cognitive theories of learning |
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Definition
| Cognitive theories of learning deal with questions relating to cognition, or knowing. Cognitive learning theories seek to explain how the brain processes and stores new information. |
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Term
| Tolman & cognitive mapping |
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Definition
| Tolman is generally credited with the introduction of the term 'cognitive mapping', mental models or belief systems that people use to perceive, contextualize, simplify, and make sense of otherwise complex problems. |
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Term
| Kohler & insight learning |
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Definition
Kohler conducted experiments with chimps during the first world war. The chimps has to rearrange boxes and other objects to reach their target, food.
insight learning - the grasp of the solution to a problem without the intervening series of trail and error steps that are associated with most types of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| observer's behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model (positive or negative consequences) |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement to be applied later |
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Term
behavioral vs cognitive
prespectives of learning |
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Definition
behavioral prespective - "learning as behavior", focuses on changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience, emphasizes stimuli and response behaviors
cognitive prespective - "learning is knowledge", focuses on internal characteristics, emphasizes the roll of memory and thinking |
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