Term
|
Definition
| The statement for which you are giving reasons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The statements that give the reasons for your conclusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examples that contradict the argument.
A counterexample immediately proves that either the premise or the conclusion is false. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arguing from one specific example by comparing it (or atributes it possesses) to something else.
eg. People take their car in for servicing and checkups every few months without complaint. Why shouldn't they take similar care of their bodies? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people or orgniztions who do not have a stake in the immediate issues, and who have prior and primary interest in accuracy.
Unbiased people who provide information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arguments about cause and effect - about what causes what.
Argument form:
Event or condition E1 is regularly associated with event or condition E2.
Therefore, E1 causes E2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where in increse in one factor correlates to a decrease in another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An argument of such a form that if its premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
Properly formed arguments are called valid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If p then q.
p.
Therefore, q.
EXAMPLE:
If drivers on cell phones have more accidents, then drivers should prohibited from using them.
Drivers on cell hones do have more accidents.
Therefore, drivers should be prohibited from using cell phones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If p then q.
Not q.
EXAMPLE
If the visitor were a stranger, then the dog would have barked.
The dog did not bark.
Therefore, the visitor was not a stranger.
Therefore, not p. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If p then q.
If q then r.
Therefore, if p then r. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
P or Q.
Not P.
Therefore, Q |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
P or Q.
If P then R.
If Q then S.
Therefore, R or S.
Example.
Either we become close to others or we stand apart.
If we become close to others, we suffer conflict and pain.
If we stand apart, we'll be lonely.
Therefore, either we suffer conflict and pain or we'll be lonely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To prove: p.
Assume the opposite: Not p.
Argue that from that assumption we'd have to conclude: q.
Show that q is false. (contradictory, "absurd," morally or practically unacceptable...
Conclude: p must be true after all. |
|
|
