Term
|
Definition
| whose primary complement of DNA is enclosed within a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells whose DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-lined compartment that encloses the primary complement of DNA in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly organized structure, internal to a cell, that serves some specialized function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pictures taken with the aid of a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein-rich, jelly-like fluid in which the cell’s organelles are immersed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane that lines the nucleus in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cell |
|
|
Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| network or membranes that aids in the processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that is exported out of a cell, these proteins are generally synthesized on the ribosomes of the rough ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area within the nucleus of a cell devoted to the production of ribosomal RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-lined spheres that move within this network, carrying proteins and other molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interactive group of membrane-lined organelles and transport vesicles within eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of membranes that processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| network of membranes that is the site of the synthesis of various lipids, and a site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle found in animal cells that digest worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of protein actin and serve as a support or “structural” filament in almost all eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filaments of the cytoskeleton intermediate in diameter between microfilaments and microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest of the cytoskeleton filaments, taking form of tubes composed of the protein tubulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubular extensions of cells that take the form of a large number of active hair-like growths stemming from them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubular extensions of cells that take the form of a large number of active hair-like growths stemming from them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively long, tail-like extensions of some cells that function in cell movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, watery plant organelle that has many functions, among them the storage of nutrients and the retention and degradation of waste products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant and algae cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels in the plant cell wall that make possible communication between plant cells, structure of these channels is such that the cytoplasm of one plant cell is continuous with that of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein assemblage that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chief component of the plasma membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids, arranged with their fatty-acid chains pointing toward each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane proteins that are bound to the membrane’s hydrophobic interior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane proteins that lie on either side of the membrane, but that are not bound to its hydrophobic interior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane protein that binds with a signaling molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitate the movement of molecules or ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of the plasma membrane, composed of short carbohydrate chains that attach to membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane, forming the outer boundary of many cells, composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is interspersed with proteins and cholesterol and coated on its exterior face with carbohydrate chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conceptualization of the plasma membrane as a fluid, phospholipid bilayer that has, moving laterally within it, a mosaic of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of molecules or ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between the highest and lowest concentration of a solute within a given medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid that has a higher concentration of solutes than another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid that has a lower concentration of solutes than another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that requires the expenditure of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that does not require the expenditure of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion through a cell membrane that does not require a special protein channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of materials through the plasma membrane that is aided by a concentration gradient and a transport protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of materials out of the cell through a fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of endocytosis that brings into the cell a small volume of extracellular fluid and the materials suspended in it |
|
|
Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) |
|
Definition
| bind to specific molecules and then hold onto them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of bringing relatively large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the materials and fusing the extensions together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| states that energy is never created or destroyed, but is only transformed |
|
|
Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions in which the starting set of molecules (the reactants) contains more energy than the final set of molecules (the products) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions in which the products contain more energy than the reactants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical reaction in which an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of protein that accelerates a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance bing worked on by an enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of enzymatically controlled steps that result in the completion of a product or process in an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of all chemical reactions that a cell or larger organism carries out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that retain their original chemical composition while bringing about a change in a substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of an enzyme that binds with and transforms a substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules other than amino acids that facilitate the work of enzymes by binding with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of an enzyme’s activity by means of a molecule binding to a site on the enzyme other than its active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that loses one or more electrons to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that gains electrons in this reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that serve to transfer electrons from one molecule to another in ATP formation |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
|
Definition
| most important intermediate electron carrier in cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aerobic harvesting of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stage of energy meaning “sugar splitting” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second stage of cellular respiration occurring in the inner compartment of mitochondria, major source of electrons for the third stage, the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for Krebs cycle, one of three main sets of steps in cellular respiration; named for the first product of the cycle, citric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which yeasts produce alcohol, as a by-product of glycolysis they perform in an oxygen-less environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product formed in animal cells when pyruvic acid, product of glycolysis, accepts electrons from NADH, lactic acid buildup causes muscle burn when a person’s exertions outstrip that person’s capacity to transfer energy through aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in animal cells by which pyruvic acid, product of glycolysis, accepts electrons from NAH to from lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third stage of aerobic energy harvesting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that functions in cellular respiration by bringing together ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which certain groups of organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert this solar energy into chemical energy that is initially stored in a carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic pores that let carbon dioxide pass into leaves and water vapor pass out of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles within plant and algae cells that are the sites of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flattened membrane-bound sac in the interior of a chloroplast, light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in this |
|
|
