Term
|
Definition
| Any plant managed by man for economic or medicinal use |
|
|
Term
| # of plant species worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of plants we can actually call crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of crops grown in N. America |
|
Definition
| ~5K, many of them Native American origin |
|
|
Term
| # of plants worldwide w/ econ significance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bulk of the world's food comes from how many crop species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the crops that make up the bulk of the world's food |
|
Definition
-rice
-wheat
-corn
-sorghum
-barley
-sugarcane
-sugar beet
-potato
-sweet potato
-cassava
-field bean
-soybean
-peanut
-coconut
-banana |
|
|
Term
| uses for crops besides nutrition |
|
Definition
-fiber
-dyes
-oil
-laytex/rubber
-drugs
-lumber
-herbs |
|
|
Term
| some crops used for fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crops used for latex/rubber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the crops that make up the bulk of the world's food |
|
Definition
-rice
-wheat
-corn
-sorghum
-barley
-sugarcane
-sugar beet
-potato
-sweet potato
-cassava
-field bean
-soybean
-peanut
-coconut
-banana |
|
|
Term
| uses for crops besides nutrition |
|
Definition
-fiber
-dyes
-oil
-laytex/rubber
-drugs
-lumber
-herbs |
|
|
Term
| some crops used for fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crops used for latex/rubber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some reasons for being reliant on so few crops |
|
Definition
-efficiency
-adaptable to different climates
-genetic manipulation
-large harvest index (proportion of the plant that’s harvestable)
-nutrient dense
-multi-use
-might grow quicker and mature at the same time
-uniform maturity
-natural resistance
-perform well
-storable form
-non-toxic
-plant architecture
the point: plants with all these traits are hard to find |
|
|
Term
| what cooking does to meat |
|
Definition
-kills pathogens in the meat
-makes it have longer shelf life |
|
|
Term
| what cooking does to plants |
|
Definition
| makes them have longer shelf life |
|
|
Term
| food supply iin primitive society |
|
Definition
| temporal and extreme, that is, feast or famine |
|
|
Term
| Who has more sortisol in their hair: us or our ancestors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agriculture enabled us to do this with meat and plant consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did cirties start forming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Iraq, between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
|
|
Term
| agriculture gave this to cities |
|
Definition
| free time to come up with creative things to do, such as slavery |
|
|
Term
| in Mesopotamia, they started selecting crops for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did wheat originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major wheat producers today |
|
Definition
-U.S.
-Canada
-Argentina
-Russia |
|
|
Term
| distribution of ag land along Nile River |
|
Definition
| narrow strips of ag land along Nile River |
|
|
Term
| why it's bad for a civilization to be dependent on one geographical feature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this feature of geography is important for producing a large food supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you should apply what you found in basic research |
|
Definition
| because if you just focus on basic research, but don’t apply it, you’re just wasting your time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farm that produces crops and takes them from place they produce them and sell them in the city |
|
|
Term
| the effect of absentee land ownership |
|
Definition
| led to lower efficiency on the farm |
|
|
Term
| why the Roman system of ag went downhill |
|
Definition
| largely because of absentee land ownership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fire expanded the food supply |
|
Definition
| many plants inedible, poisonous, or unsanitary unless cooked |
|
|
Term
| what crop and animal utilization led to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the advent of ag meant for what people could do |
|
Definition
| fewerpeople needed for food production, which meant people had more time for leisure and other things |
|
|
Term
| how ag made it possible for people to have more time for leisure and other things |
|
Definition
| fewer people needed for food production |
|
|
Term
| when agriculture developed |
|
Definition
| nearly all crop and animal agriculture developed during prehistoric times |
|
|
Term
| 2 critical processes necessary to develop agriculture |
|
Definition
a. domestication of wild species as cultivated crops
b. selection of superior types within the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. paleolithic period
b. neolithic age
c. Mesopotamia |
|
|
Term
| When was the Paleolithic Period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the Neolithic Age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how humans got food during Paleolithic Period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the way humans got food changed during the Neolithic Age |
|
Definition
| crop cultivation and domestication (beginning of ag) |
|
|
Term
| tyime during which ag began |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this feature between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers made Mesopotamia possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selection of crops for improvement (yield) began here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when crops in Mesopotamia were harvested |
|
Definition
| from early to late maturity |
|
|
Term
| what Mesopotamians did with grain heads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Mesopotamians did with the surplus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization |
|
Definition
| because it was the first urban economy |
|
|
Term
| Mesopotamia had a surplus of people. What did this lead to? |
|
Definition
-slavery common
-war
-led to self destruction |
|
|
Term
| what led to Mesopotamia's self-destruction? |
|
Definition
| surplus of people, which also caused common slavery and war |
|
|
Term
| some crops grown by the Mesopotamians |
|
Definition
-wheat
-barley
-fig
-date
-olive
-grape |
|
|
Term
| area cultivated by Mesopotamians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thye area the Mesopotamians cultivated fed how many people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the Egyptian era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details of agriculture in the Egyptian era |
|
Definition
1. drained flood plains of Nile Valley
2. irrigation was developed
3. improved harvesting technology
4. developed culinary techniques
5. utilized plants for many reasons
6. confined by desert |
|
|
Term
| how the Egyptians drained the flood plains of the Nile Valley |
|
Definition
-required major reshaping of land (slope)
-effecient conduction (movement) systems for water removal |
|
|
Term
| how the Egyptians irrigated |
|
Definition
-water procurement (shadoof=pumps)
-conduction of water
-application- flood and furrow irrigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumps used by the Egyptians for irrigation |
|
|
Term
| types of irrigation used by the Egyptians |
|
Definition
-flood irrigation
-furrow irrigation |
|
|
Term
| harvesting technology invented by the Egyptians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| culinary techniques developed by the Egyptians |
|
Definition
-ceramics
-baking
-wine making
-food storage |
|
|
Term
| the function of ceramics made by the Egyptians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some food storage techniques developed by the Egyptians |
|
Definition
-pickling
-fermenting
-drying
-smoking |
|
|
Term
| some plants used by Egyptians |
|
Definition
-papyrus
-date palm
-castor bean
-pine trees |
|
|
Term
| what the Egyptians used papyrus for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Egyptians used date palm for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Egyptians used castor bean for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Egyptians used pine trees for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the Egyptian civilization was limited in growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Greeks began this pertaining to plants |
|
Definition
| the formal study of plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wrote "History of Plants"
-known as Father of Botany |
|
|
Term
| this guy wrote "History of Plants" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this guy is known as the Father of Botany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Theophrastes studied concerning plants |
|
Definition
-plant morphology
-classification
-seed and vegetative propagation
-insect pests
-plant geography |
|
|
Term
| what Theophrastes distinguished in plants |
|
Definition
-angiosperms and gymnosperms
-monocots and dicots
-noted annual rings on trees
-discovered sexes in fruits |
|
|
Term
| the downside of Theophrastes's studies |
|
Definition
| focus on the basics, little offered for applied research |
|
|
Term
| how the landscape of Greece has transformed |
|
Definition
| transformed from being covered with trees to being mostly barren rock |
|
|
Term
| what poor land use did to Greece |
|
Definition
| converted much of the islands into barren rock |
|
|
Term
| what Plato had to write about te land of Greece concerning how it transformed |
|
Definition
| "once had bountiful meadows for livestock with aboundant water fed from springs. Now the land looks like the skin of a sick old man." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the general sense, the Romans did this concerning agriculture |
|
Definition
| interacted in practical agriculture |
|
|
Term
| some aspects of the Roman approach to agriculture |
|
Definition
a. small farms 1-4 acres
b. developed into plantation systems
c. tenant farmer (rent land) |
|
|
Term
| some details about small farms in Roman era |
|
Definition
-intensive management
-primarily truck farms
-villages of farmers used Rome as market place
-agriculture based soley upon profit |
|
|
Term
| what agriculture was based on in Roman era |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what small farms in the Roman era developed into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details of plantation systems in Roman era |
|
Definition
-slavery-like management/labor force interaction
-absentee ownership
-agriculture declined because no one paid attention to the land |
|
|
Term
| why agriculture declined in the Roman era |
|
Definition
| because no one paid attention to the land |
|
|
Term
| when dod tenant farming come about in the Roman era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about tenant farming |
|
Definition
-rent land
-replaced slavery
-tenants became indebted and system eroded
-tenants reduced in class from "citizen" to "serf"
-no attention to land |
|
|
Term
| the effect of the tenant farming system in the Roman era |
|
Definition
-tenants become indebted and system eroded
-tenants reduced in class from "citizen" to "serf" |
|
|
Term
| when was Medieval agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| system of farming used in Medieval agriculture? |
|
Definition
estate or manor
this was in a feudal system |
|
|
Term
| primary concern of estate farming |
|
Definition
| self suffeciency of estate |
|
|
Term
| the people who managed the estate farming system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of knights in the estate farming system |
|
Definition
-managers
-made sure eferybody was trained |
|
|
Term
| crop production used these strategies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crops for which intensive strategies were used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crops for which extensive strategies were used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the people who basically barrowed the land in the estate farming system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the people who basically borrowed the land in the estate farming system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technology being isolated to the place it originated |
|
|
Term
| what led to the failure of the estate farming system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about civilization in stone age |
|
Definition
-low population density
-abundant wildlife
-men hunted and women farmed
-Plains people used fire and buffalo jumps
-Central and South Americans had great civilizations based on Maize culture; food was abundant |
|
|
Term
| new crops that came from the New World |
|
Definition
-corn (maize)
-potatoes
-tomato
-sweet potato
-field bean
-squash
-pumpkin
-pecan
-pineapple
-cashew
-brazil nut
-cranberry |
|
|
Term
| amount of dieet from animal agriculture in N. American natives' diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diet Lewis and Clark noticed among the natives |
|
Definition
-men consumed 12-16lbs of meat per day
-some roots and dried berries
-fruits when could be found |
|
|
Term
| agricultural technique the Mayans perfected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of companion cropping |
|
Definition
| corn and bean being grown together; still a staple in Central America |
|
|
Term
| what the Incas did to keep potatoes longer |
|
Definition
freeze dried potatoes
crush, freeze, crush, freeze |
|
|
Term
| what the Incas did to conrtrol erosion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 things the Incas did to the landscape |
|
Definition
-terracing
-building reservoirs |
|
|
Term
| the effect of the natives burning grass |
|
Definition
-animals don't like sticking their heads in there because they get pink eye, which can spread rapidly
-the grass that returned was young and tender, such that animals wanted to return there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hunting method used by natives where they herded buffalo towards a point where there was a slope such that at some point, the traffic would get so congested that the buffalo would trip over each other and thus leave a bunch of maimed animals that would be easy to kill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-controling erosion
-helping the land be more productive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition from Medieval to modern age because of new crops from New World |
|
|
Term
| when was the Ag Revolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-potato introduced to Spain
-most important crop for CHO and ETOH
-when introduced to Ireland (1700), became primary source of food for most of population |
|
|
Term
| what Spaniards used potato for |
|
Definition
| they would ferment it and make ethanol to cook with (the 1st biofuel) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ethanol derived from fermenting potatos |
|
|
Term
| when was the potato introduced to Ireland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clovers can be used for... |
|
Definition
| N-fixation and winter feed for cattle |
|
|
Term
| clovers for use in ag came about in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fenced fields for use in ag came around in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how clovers are w/ their nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how nitrogen from clovers becomes available to crops |
|
Definition
| becomes available after it passes thru an animal's digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| the market structure that came about during the Ag Revolution |
|
Definition
| supply/demand market structure |
|
|
Term
| ther balance of ag in the supply/demand market structure |
|
Definition
| kept production balanced between animal and crops |
|
|
Term
| before chemical fertilizer, this was used as fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix of Ca and Mg carbonates that acts as a fertilizer and adjusts the pH of the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil rich in calcium carbonate. Often found in dry regions of the world that were once sea beds, glaciated landscapes, lake beds, or underlying peat bogs. |
|
|
Term
| examples of where marl an be found |
|
Definition
-Israeli desert
-White Cliffs of Dover in England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shipbuilding back in Europe
-tanning (hemlock)
-furniture |
|
|
Term
| why the pine tree was used to make masts |
|
Definition
| because the center of it has lots of pitch and turpines such that a nail won't go thru |
|
|
Term
| why live oaks were valuable |
|
Definition
| because they had angles in them that would work for bows of ships, since the wood is strong and ship bows would often be weak |
|
|
Term
| this was used for tanning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rice farming in the new world |
|
Definition
grown in lowlands of carolinas
labor intensive |
|
|
Term
| how tobacco was originally grown in the new world |
|
Definition
-grown in wooded areas using nomadic system
-"girdle" trees to kill them, grow tobacco among dead trees
-when trees rotted and fell over, moved to new area
-required large land holdings
-Washington and Jefferson farmed this way |
|
|
Term
| the effect of labor intensive agriculture in the New World |
|
Definition
| stimulated the development of slavery |
|
|
Term
| important invention in 1793 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cotton gin was invented in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effectiveness of 1 cotton gin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of cotton bales exported in 1797 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of cotton bales exported in 1800 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of U.S. population engaged in farming in 1800 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important invention in 1831 |
|
Definition
| Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical reaper |
|
|
Term
| mechanical reaper invented in ______ by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the mechanical reaper does |
|
Definition
| cut and bind wheat stocks |
|
|
Term
| the reason for technological progress in U.S. ag production |
|
Definition
| mechanization, which led to profitability |
|
|
Term
| tobacco farming was about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this farming was done in woodlands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congress passed this legislation in 1862 |
|
Definition
-USDA
-Homestead Act
-Morrill Act
-Land Grant College Act
-Hatch Act |
|
|
Term
| Congress passed this legislation (USDA, Homestead Act, Morrill Act, Land Grant College Act, Hatch Act) in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| act that yielded fed lands (farming) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| act that yielded extension service |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of the Land Grant College Act |
|
Definition
| every state has a land grant college, such that they have to do technology that’s specific to the state |
|
|
Term
| act that gave every state a land grant college |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-created state Ag experiment station
-supposed to give pay to college professors to do ag research |
|
|
Term
| # of people fed per farmer in 1900 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of people fed per farmer in 1980 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of people fed per farmer in 2010 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fed gov encouraged this out west |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the fed gov encouraged settlement out west |
|
Definition
-had to encourage a road system
-land was subdivided |
|
|
Term
| how lots of the large farms out west were developed |
|
Definition
| strategy where someone had access to water, but lots of others didn’t; those that had no access to water moved elsewhere, leaving the land available for someone else to get for a ridiculously cheap price |
|
|
Term
| amount of people in U.S. who are full-time farmers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Eli Whitney got the idea of the cotton gin |
|
Definition
| got the idea while watching a cat trying to capture a chicken in a coup |
|
|
Term
| effect of the mechanical reaper |
|
Definition
| increased the capacity on which cereal grain crops (wheat, barley, oats) could be harvested; more efficient than by hand |
|
|
Term
| example of the effect of hybridization |
|
Definition
| 2 corns of different varieties being bred to yield a larger hybrid variety; this led to an increase in corn yield |
|
|
Term
| bald eagle population since DDT ban |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why farm productivity increased from 1880-1920 |
|
Definition
| because of increased acreage |
|
|
Term
| in 1920, this helped improve farm productivity |
|
Definition
| gasoline engine replaced animal power; this was the first step in the technological revolution |
|
|
Term
| 1st step in the ttechnological revolution |
|
Definition
| gasoline engine replacing animal power in 1920 |
|
|
Term
| in 1940, this helped increase farm productivity |
|
Definition
-hybrid corn doubled corn yields
-genetics was 2nd step |
|
|
Term
| in late 1940's, this helped increase farm productivity |
|
Definition
| the pesticides DDT and 2, 4-D |
|
|
Term
| in 1950's, this helped increase farm productivity |
|
Definition
-irrigation
-high analysis fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| some ecological problems caused by increased technology for ag |
|
Definition
-narrow application of technology geared towards short term returns was fouling our own nest (Earth)
-1960's and 1970's effect of pesticides on mammals
-1980's water pollution problems becoming evident |
|
|
Term
| effect of 1973 OPEC oil embargo |
|
Definition
-oil prices rose 4x
-destabilized ag
-fertilizer and pesticides energy intensive
-profit margins narrowed temporarily
-primer for the 1980's
-1978 embargo on Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
| some details about American agriculture in 1980's |
|
Definition
-fuel prices high, market prices low
-America in overproduction. Foreign producers become more efficient and compete w/ American farmer
-many farm foreclosures
-Low Input Sustainable Ag. (LISA) concept emerges
-biotechnology concept develops |
|
|
Term
| LISA and biotechnology are ______ strategies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how foreign producers came to be in competition w/ America |
|
Definition
-America in overproduction
-foreign producers became more efficient |
|
|
Term
| details about 1985 Food Security Act 1 |
|
Definition
-conservation compliance- each farm must submit a soil conservation plan
-swampbuster- draimage of land prohibited
-conservation reserve- 10 year rental of severely erodible land |
|
|
Term
| conservation compliance component of 1985 Food Security Act 1 |
|
Definition
| each farm must submit a soil conservation plan |
|
|
Term
| swampbuster component of 1985 Food Security Act 1 |
|
Definition
| drainage of land prohibited |
|
|
Term
| conservation reserve component of 1985 Food Security Act 1 |
|
Definition
| 10 year rental of severely erodible land |
|
|
Term
| some details about ag in the 1990's |
|
Definition
-global marketing (GATT, NAFTA)
-most efficient producer wins the global market
-era of biotech implementation begins
-1995>Freedom to Farm act |
|
|
Term
| the pproducer that wins the global market |
|
Definition
| the most efficient producer |
|
|
Term
| Freedom to Farm Act passed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced emphasis on conservation and increased emphasis on production w/o subsidized incentives. led to overproduction |
|
|
Term
| Freedom to Farm Act led to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
govt is experimenting w/ breaking remaining trade tariffs/barriers to increase exports. problem: food is cultural in many nations (Europe)
farm prices high, govt broke- cut subsidies |
|
|
Term
| problem w/ 1998 Farm Bill |
|
Definition
| food is cultural in many nations (Europe) |
|
|
Term
| something that resulted from the 1998 Farm Bill |
|
Definition
| farm prices high, govts broke- cut subsidies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-farm subsidies back in, limits per farm
-trend to small farms?
-in 2003, a major shift occurred leading to a focus on biosecurity and away from production
-challenge: find ways to rapidly detect toxins and human diseases in food supply |
|
|
Term
| in 2003, this occurred regarding production |
|
Definition
| a major shift occurred leading to a focus on biosecurity and away from production |
|
|
Term
| challenge that came with focusing on biosecurity |
|
Definition
| find ways to rapidly detect toxins and human diseases in food supply |
|
|
Term
| this chemical was often used to kill garden pests and dust mites in homes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only river that was a fire hazard |
|
Definition
| the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland |
|
|
Term
| U.S. did this with oil during the OPEC oil embargo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. did this when Russia invaded Afghanistan |
|
Definition
| grain embargo against Russia |
|
|
Term
| byproduct of grain embargo against Russia |
|
Definition
| increased demand for food produced elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| 2 divergent strategies on production |
|
Definition
-Low Input Sustainable Agriculture approach (LISA)
-biotechnology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut inputs such that input cost can go down a lot while output goes down very little, if at all |
|
|
Term
| what LISA turned out to be and why |
|
Definition
| turned out to be fallacy because it’s all theory |
|
|
Term
| the goal of price subsidies/limits |
|
Definition
| tried to force smaller farms |
|
|
Term
| did the system of price subsidies/limits work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that our food supply is susceptible to |
|
Definition
| malicious activity that disrupts the food supply |
|
|
Term
| the max # of people this planet can sustain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the amount of fuel could affect the price of food |
|
Definition
| less fuel could make the price of food go up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| $1 in 1970 was worth $6 today |
|
|
Term
| some things about biotechnology |
|
Definition
1: molecular markers
2: gene insertion (GMO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-herbicide resistance
-Bt- insect tolerance (Bacillus Thurinsensis) |
|
|
Term
| how herbicide resistance in plants works |
|
Definition
| plant metabolizes herbicide before it can hurt it |
|
|
Term
| how Bt- (Bacillus Thurinsensis) insect tolerance works |
|
Definition
-makes the stomachs of insects leaky
-gives plant ability to produce toxin that does this
-Bt toxin binds to receptors in insect digestive tract that our digestive tract doesn’t have |
|
|
Term
| envoironmental impact of Bt |
|
Definition
| environmentally benign and harmless to us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a difference between GMO and non-GMO? |
|
Definition
| about 40-50 scientific studies say there’s no difference between GMO and non-GMO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bt toxin binds to receptors in insect digestive tract that our digestive tract doesn’t have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to processes of ingestion and assimilation of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic and organic substances needed to sustain maintenence and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-water
-calcium
-phosphorus
-magnesium
-6 inorganic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-carbohydrates (CHO)
-proteins
-lipids
-6 organic |
|
|
Term
| CHO and lipids used mostly for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these nutrients used mostly for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients that can't be synthesized from other dietary components |
|
|
Term
| examples of essential nutrients |
|
Definition
-some amino acids
-most vitamins |
|
|
Term
| what amino acids are used for |
|
Definition
| building blocks of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear glucose chain that's used as plant storage and is soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear glucose chain used to make the cell wall and is insoluble and indigestible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how starch is actually stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what starch would resemble if you were to look at the starch crystals |
|
Definition
| the "pinwheel" seen here[image] |
|
|
Term
| fiber β 1-4 linkages in cellulose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cellulose looks like under the microscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between starch and cellulose |
|
Definition
| starch- amylose+amylopectin (we need clarification on this) |
|
|
Term
| these carbohydrates are highly digestible and yield energy when digested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this carbohydrate is part of fiber, highly absorbent, and non-digestible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about cellulose |
|
Definition
-part of fiber
-highly absorbent
-non-digestible |
|
|
Term
| this carbohydrate is important for the reduction of colon cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why carbohydrates are non-essential nutrients |
|
Definition
| because energy can be derived from either protein or fat |
|
|
Term
| some details about fats aka lipids |
|
Definition
-also contain C, H, and O, but O contains a lot less O
-like starches, fats are energy storage compounds in plants |
|
|
Term
| amount of calories that come from fat in U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of calories that come from fat worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| health problems fats contribute to |
|
Definition
| cholesterol and heart disease |
|
|
Term
| the most abundanbt substance in our dry weight, that is, weight excluding water |
|
Definition
| protein, which is about 50% of our dry weight |
|
|
Term
| beefsteak is ______% protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this many amino acids found in protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the 20 amino acids the book says are in protein, how many are essential nutrients to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely complex and are held together by peptide bonds between COOH and NH2 (amino) |
|
|
Term
| typical molecular weight of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MW ovalbium (egg protein) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which proteins have greater biological value? plant or animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does animal protein have greater biological value? |
|
Definition
| more essential amino acids |
|
|
Term
| why energy is a major concern for human nutrition |
|
Definition
| because lack of energy leads to starvation |
|
|
Term
| the trend in caloric needs per lb with age |
|
Definition
| decreases as you get older except for pregnant and lactating women |
|
|
Term
| the trend in caloric need for gender |
|
Definition
| men tend to need more calories |
|
|
Term
| some factore our caloric needs are dependent on |
|
Definition
1: age
2: sex
3: body weight
4: physioloical condition (women) |
|
|
Term
| the primary concern for traditional crop scientists |
|
Definition
| to create energy for consumption |
|
|
Term
| other farm enterprises, such as spice and turf, are associated wiith... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| average daily consumption of modern man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| average daily consumption of primitive man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why modern man has 20X the energy consumption of primitive man |
|
Definition
| because primitive man was more concerned about food and modern man is concerned about food, fuel, and other things that use energy |
|
|
Term
| world total carbon consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because we are so inefficient, we need to produce ______ tons of carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agriculture is a system of... |
|
Definition
| exploiting p'synthesis and converting it into a useable form |
|
|
Term
| biomass of a plant community |
|
Definition
| total dry organic matter of a plant community |
|
|
Term
| amount of the total energy from the sun that is used for p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other uses for the sun's energy that makes it to the plant |
|
Definition
-evaporation and transpiration (40%)
-reflection (5%)
-long wave re-radiation (50%) |
|
|
Term
| amount of sunlight that reaches Earth's atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of sunlight that gets absorbed or reflected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of sunlight that reaches Earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy from the sun in 1 square meter |
|
Definition
| 1 sq. meter=10,000 calories=10 kcal=10 Cal |
|
|
Term
| the amount of people per acre we would be able to feed if we were efficient at capturing all energy supplied by p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the range of visible light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy put into making glucose and energy released from glucose |
|
Definition
| it takes 3,000kcal to make 1 mol of glucose, but only 673 kcal are released per mol of glucose |
|
|
Term
| how we get energy from glucose |
|
Definition
| when we digest it, the H atoms get cleaved off of there and release energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of bond between monomers in starches such as amylose and amylopectin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the starch molecule as a whole has a helical shape |
|
Definition
| because of angles in the bonds |
|
|
Term
| this starch fills in the empty spaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this starch is in a helical coil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how starch is synthesized |
|
Definition
| by making polymers of glucose; this can be hundreds of units long |
|
|
Term
| the difference between alpha and beta linkages |
|
Definition
| beta linkages have an alternation of configuration |
|
|
Term
| the kind of linkaages in cellulose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bonds in cellulose we can't digest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this holds the chains of cellulose together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this polysaccharide can be found between layers of cellulose in the cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why hemicellulose is so hard to digest |
|
Definition
| because there’s hundreds of bonds, each of which requires a specific enzyme; furthermore, it has to be in a specific order |
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a cellulose fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saturated and unsaturated fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how sat fat is used in plants |
|
Definition
| in plants, sat lipids are used as a waxy cover to conserve water |
|
|
Term
| these fats not structural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only place where sat fat is structural in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how our bodies can use proteins |
|
Definition
| our bodies can digest proteins and reassemble them into things we need |
|
|
Term
| plants tend to be rich in these amino acids |
|
Definition
| amino acids that we can't make |
|
|
Term
| the balance of amino acids in animal meat compared to the balance of proteins in us |
|
Definition
| the balance of the amino acids in animal meat is similar to the balance of proteins in us |
|
|
Term
| how much of our corn goes to animal feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary concern of crop scientists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary (?) concern of crop scientists |
|
Definition
| aesthetics (ornamental crops, turfgrass, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| much of modern man's energy consumption is based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that make our system so inefficient |
|
Definition
-lotta waste, such as rotting/spoilage, unpalatable
-use, such as product uses other than food, such as animal feed; food not going into direct consumption
-pests, such as insects and diseases (we have control over this)
-harvest index; can’t use whole plant
-stresses (we have control over this)
-weeds (we have control over this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dry matter we harvest off of the plant that we can harvest and utilize |
|
|
Term
| one effective way to break up pest life cycles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different vegetative communities vary in their capacity to do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of energy that hits leaf |
|
Definition
| that leaf can capture only about 1% of the energy hitting that leaf surface; 19% reflected away and 80% dissipated as heat |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if the plant couldn't dissipate energy |
|
Definition
| it would basically fry like an egg |
|
|
Term
| how a plant dissipates heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing how much of each wavelength plant leaves absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why potatoes are kinda problematic |
|
Definition
| because we have a hard time storing them |
|
|
Term
| the average age of a farmer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crop production begins with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| importance of a soil to a mining engineer |
|
Definition
| that which overlays rocks to be mined or quarried |
|
|
Term
| importance of a soil to a highway engineer |
|
Definition
| material on which a road bed is to be placed |
|
|
Term
| importance of a soil to a farmer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why we as agronomists/agriculturalists are interested in soil |
|
Definition
| we're interested in its biological value and its physical qualities |
|
|
Term
| the 4 major components of a soil |
|
Definition
-minerals
-organic matter
-water
-air |
|
|
Term
| the typical composition of topsoils |
|
Definition
| normally contain about 50% pore space, 45-49% mineral, and 1-5% organic matter |
|
|
Term
| the typical composition of subsoils |
|
Definition
| less pore space and organic matter, more mineral |
|
|
Term
| this occupies the pore space in soil |
|
Definition
| air and water (50% air and 50% water) |
|
|
Term
| the volume of air and water in soil |
|
Definition
both are 25% each, each taking up 50% of the pore space
this varies with rainfall |
|
|
Term
| where the rocks in soils come from |
|
Definition
| they are remnants of massive rocks |
|
|
Term
| how minerals are derived from rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the size of stone and gravel particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the size of sand particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the size of silt particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the size of clay particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how clay particles behave when mixed in with liquid |
|
Definition
| become suspended to make colloids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-don't change much as a result of chemical weathering
-primary minerals are the coarse fragments of soils
examples: silica (sand) and feldspar ("fool's gold" or mica) |
|
|
Term
| which minerals comprise the coarse fractions of soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
these minerals comprise the fine particles (clays) of soils
examples: silicate clays, Fe and Al oxides |
|
|
Term
| which minerals comprise the fine fractions of soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of decaying plant and animal residues |
|
|
Term
| what soil microbes do to soil organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how soil organic matter is a constantly changing system |
|
Definition
| plant residues are constantly added while microbes decompose |
|
|
Term
| amount of soil organic matter in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things soil organic matter does to soil |
|
Definition
-makes it friable (loose and granular) because it makes clay colloids aggregate; therefore, many small particles become larger ones
-makes soil hold water because it is so absorbent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how soil organic matter makes soil friable |
|
Definition
| by making clay colloids aggregate |
|
|
Term
| why soil organic matter makes soil hold water |
|
Definition
| because it's so absorbent |
|
|
Term
| 2 components of coil organic matter |
|
Definition
-partially decomposed tissue
-humus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(highly decomposed) holds lots of water and nutrients
therefore, only small amount of humus needed to change chemical and physical properties of soil |
|
|
Term
| why only a small amount of humus is needed to change chemical and physical properties of soil |
|
Definition
| because it holds lots of water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| 2 important concepts for soil water |
|
Definition
-water held within soil pores and depending on pore size may or may not be available to the plant
-Salts dissolve in soil and those which are in the solution are important for plant nutrition. The ions are in constant equilibrium with the exchange sites on soil particles. |
|
|
Term
| 2 important concepts for soil air |
|
Definition
-soil air is not continuous, but is in a maze separated by soil particles
-compared to atmosphere, soil is higher in CO2, higher in humidity, and lower in O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| because of low O2, this happens to soils with lots of fine pore spaces |
|
Definition
| poorly aerated and roots don't thrive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on the way soils are formed, they are classified into major groups that have specific properties and best uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how residual soil is formed |
|
Definition
| -develops by weathering of underlying rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of physical weathering |
|
Definition
-running water
-freezing and thawing
-root pressures |
|
|
Term
| types of chemical weathering |
|
Definition
-organic acids produced by lichens and mosses
-root exudates dissolve small amounts of mineral |
|
|
Term
| what residual soils in the Piedmont are made from |
|
Definition
| residual soils from igneous rocks (granite) |
|
|
Term
| what residual soils in mountains are made from |
|
Definition
| residual soils from sedimentary rock (limestone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soils that originate in one place, but are carried to nother places |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of carrying soil |
|
Definition
-water- primary method; alluvial soils
-wind- loess soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coastal Plain soil formed from... |
|
Definition
| marine action (old beach) |
|
|
Term
| distribution of certain soil orders in the United States |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| geologic regions of Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of Blue Ridge in Georgia |
|
Definition
| metamorphic residuum; sloping to steep; udults |
|
|
Term
| description of Appalachian Valley and Ridge in Georgia |
|
Definition
| sedimentary residuum; steep ridges and narrow valleys; udults, ochrepts |
|
|
Term
| description of Piedmont in Georgia |
|
Definition
| acid crystalline residuum; broad rolling hills dissected by streams; udults |
|
|
Term
| description of Sand Hills in Georgia |
|
Definition
| ancient aeolian dunes and marine deposits; rolling to steep; psammments, udults |
|
|
Term
| description of Southern Coastal Plain in Georgia |
|
Definition
| old sandy and clayey marine deposits; rolling to level; udults, psamments, aquults |
|
|
Term
| description of Atlantic Coast Flatwoods in Georgia |
|
Definition
| old to recent marine sands and clays; level; aquults, psamments, aquods, saprists |
|
|
Term
| the soil provinces of Georgia |
|
Definition
-Blue Ridge
-Appalachian Valley and Ridge
-Piedmont
-Sand Hills
-Southern Coastal Plain
-Atlantic Coast Flatwoods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of horizons in a given soil |
|
|
Term
| horizons in a soil develop because of... |
|
Definition
1: parent material
2: climate
3: topography |
|
|
Term
| types of horizons in Georgia soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic deposits from litter on top of soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-topsoil w/ organic matter
-dark, high nutrient content, where roots are most prolific, usually 2-4" (some soils have an organic layer on top) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-zone of illuviation-- fine particles from A are deposited into B
-high in Fe and Al oxides
--red color
-acidic, low in nutrients |
|
|
Term
| breaking down the word illuviation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconsolidated crumbly rocks and newly formed soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bedrock-- in Piedmont, thisd may be 50' deep, but it's often shallow on hilltops |
|
|
Term
| the 2 main physical properties of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| size of particles in soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of particles to aggregate |
|
|
Term
| some details about coarse particles like sand, gravel, and stones |
|
Definition
-irregular
-don't come into close contact with each other
-consequently, the spaces between them are large and water can pass thru the macropores easily |
|
|
Term
| why soils with large amounts of sand and gravel have good drainage and low water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| because they have large pores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-has an irregular shape like sand, but the particles are much smaller
-has clay surface coating and will stick together, but by itself is a poor soil
-has fine pore spaces which give it good water holding capacity, but air movement is poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-has regular shape and is extremely fine
-clays are plate-like and are easy to mold and have a sticky feeling
-have extremely small pores (micropores) thru which water and air move slowly |
|
|
Term
| relationship between particle size, surface area, and pore space |
|
Definition
| as particle size decreases, surface area and pore space increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between surface area and water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| as surface area increases, water holding capacity increases because of capillary action and adhesion |
|
|
Term
| why water holding capacity increases with increased surface area |
|
Definition
| because of capillary action and adhesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mass of a unit of dry soil |
|
|
Term
| bulk density is a result of... |
|
Definition
both solids and pores
therefore, high BD means little pore space and low BD means lots of pore space |
|
|
Term
| why sandy soils have high BD |
|
Definition
| because of less pore space |
|
|
Term
| somethinbg that can cause soils to become compacted and have high BD |
|
Definition
| machinery or animal traffic |
|
|
Term
| why soils w/ high OM have lower BD |
|
Definition
| because of aggregation and increases in macropore space |
|
|
Term
| why root penetration is difficult in higher BD clay soils |
|
Definition
| because the soil pores are so small |
|
|
Term
| the best way to reduce BD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by aggregation and development of macropores |
|
|
Term
| chart showing how much of each wavelength plant leaves absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why potatoes are kinda problematic |
|
Definition
| because we have a hard time storing them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tillage does to pore space of soil |
|
Definition
| reduces macropores and increases micropores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tillage does to pore space of soil |
|
Definition
| reduces macropores and increases micropores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a good soil has a balance of... |
|
Definition
| sand, silt, clay, and organic matter |
|
|
Term
| why it's important for soils to have a mix of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter |
|
Definition
| any one of these components by themselves make poor soilsbut a mix of them makes a good soil |
|
|
Term
| physical reasons to have a mix of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in the soil |
|
Definition
-balance micro and macro pores
-needed for water permeation and holding |
|
|
Term
| chemical reasons to have a mix of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter |
|
Definition
| soil can receive, hold, and meter nutrients to a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of particles to aggregate |
|
|
Term
| 2 important processes in soil structure |
|
Definition
-those responsib;le for forming aggregates
-those responsib;le for holding aggregates together (stability) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregates being held together |
|
|
Term
| this encourages aggregation in soil |
|
Definition
| any action which develops lines of weakness within a soil |
|
|
Term
| factors which promote aggregation |
|
Definition
-wetting/drying
-freezing/thawing
-root growth, animal burrowing
-decaying O.M./fungi and bacteria-- MAJOR FACTOR
-cations-- nutrients added by man |
|
|
Term
| what tillage doies to soil aggregates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how roots contribute to soil aggregation |
|
Definition
-penetrating soil, causing physical disturbance and fracturing of a soil mass
-roots decompose
-a byproduct of the decomposition is humus |
|
|
Term
| this happens to decomposed plant roots |
|
Definition
-most of the decomposition results as evolution of CO2 and H2O by soil microbes
-small amount of O.M. is resistant to decomposition and leaves a sticky residue called humus |
|
|
Term
| how huymus contributes to aggregation |
|
Definition
| Humus has electrochemical properties which react with clays and cement clay particles together, resulting in the formation of aggregates, which increases the proportion of macromolecules (Isn't it supposed to say macropores?) in clay fractions. |
|
|
Term
| 3 major factors of aggregate stability |
|
Definition
1: mechanical binding
2: temporary cementing
3: permanent cementing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
done by...
-fungi and bacteria
-fresh O.M. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| done by gums from microbe exudates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+ in aggregation |
|
Definition
| act as bridges between clay-humus-clay particles, since clay and humus both have negative charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clays are actually flat crystals which are laminated together- flakes
-some are hexagonal crystals and others are irregular in shape
-some have smooth edges and others have frayed or fluffy edges
therefore, clays have not only external surfaces, but also internal surfaces |
|
|
Term
| internal surfaces in clays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why there's a tremendous surface area in clay soils |
|
Definition
| becasuse of the surface area between plates or flakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-silicate clays
-hydrous oxide clays |
|
|
Term
| silicate clays occur in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrous oxide clays occur in... |
|
Definition
-tropical regions
-interspersed temperate
-high rainfall |
|
|
Term
| composition of silicate clays |
|
Definition
| each flake made up of silica tetrahedral and alumina octahedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| silicon atom with 4 oxygen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aluminum atom with 6 oxygen atoms |
|
|
Term
| silicate clays are arranged differently depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why different clay soils have different properties |
|
Definition
| the silicate clays are arranged differently depending on soil type |
|
|
Term
| the arrangement of silicate clays is based upon... |
|
Definition
| the proportion of one to another and the cations in between each flake |
|
|
Term
| charge on the surface of flakes of silicate clays |
|
Definition
| negative, such that it can hold on to cations |
|
|
Term
| the nutrients necessary for plant growth |
|
Definition
-calcium
-potassium
-magnesium |
|
|
Term
| this determines the type of clay |
|
Definition
| arrangement of silica tetrahedrons and alumina octahedron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1 silica tetrad
-1 alumina octahedron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 alumina tetrahedron sandwiched between 2 silica octahedrons per flake |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of 1:1 clays |
|
Definition
| -strong H+ bonds hold flakes together, making it hard for other cations (nutrients) to attach
-therefore, soils high in 1:1 clays, such as kaolinite, have low fertility and low cation exchange capacity (2-15 meq/100g) |
|
|
Term
| why soils high in 1:1 clays, such as kaolinite, have low fertility and low cation exchange capacity (CEC) |
|
Definition
| because the sheets are held together by strong H+ bonds such that the spaces between them are too small for other cations (nutrients) to get in there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how flakes of 2:1 clays are held together |
|
Definition
| held together by weak bonds to various cations, such as Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, H+, and Al3+ |
|
|
Term
| cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2:1 clays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the strength of the association between the flakes of 2:1 minerals is weak |
|
Definition
| different spaces between flakes caused by different cations |
|
|
Term
| each cation in a 2:1 clay mineral attempts to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what a cation does when it hydrates |
|
Definition
| acts as a nucleating agent to which water will surround |
|
|
Term
| why 2:1 expanding clays can absorb a lot of water |
|
Definition
-weak associations between sheets
-cations attempting to hydrate
when wet, they swell and when dry, they shrink |
|
|
Term
| examples of 2:1 clay minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hydrated ions do in between the sheets in montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a difference between montmorillonite and illite |
|
Definition
-montmorillonite has plenty of space between sheets such that various cations can get in there
-the space between the sheets in illite is small enough to where hydrogen and potassium can get in there, but other cations can't |
|
|
Term
| Cation Exchange Capacity of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cation exchange capacity (CEC) of illite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this keeps lattices apartn in montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of hydrous oxides |
|
Definition
| little known about crystalline structure |
|
|
Term
| composition of hydrous oxides |
|
Definition
| made up of Fe and Al hydroxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very few negative charges on clay |
|
|
Term
| cation exchange capacity (CEC) of hydrous oxides |
|
Definition
| extremely low (1-2 meq/100g) |
|
|
Term
| why bthe CEC on hydrous oxides is extremely low |
|
Definition
| very few negative charges on clay |
|
|
Term
| water holding capacity of hydrous oxides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow/orange or red in color |
|
|
Term
| composition of typical Georgia soil (sandy clays) |
|
Definition
<1% OM
50% sand
20% silt
29% clay |
|
|
Term
| most of the clay in Georgia soil is... |
|
Definition
| kaolinite or hydrous oxide |
|
|
Term
| why typical Georgia soil has low CEC and low water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| because most of the clay is kaolinite or hydrous oxide |
|
|
Term
| actions that are necessary in typical Georgia soil because of the low CEC and low water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| -multiple applications of fertilizer -frequent light irrigation |
|
|
Term
| the best way to improve soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of typical Illinois soil (clay loam) |
|
Definition
2-6% organic matter
10% sand
40% silt
45% clay |
|
|
Term
| composition of typical Illinois clay |
|
Definition
1-2% kaolinite
60% montmorillonite
35-38% illite
0% hydrous oxides |
|
|
Term
| why typical Illinois soil has high CEC and high water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| because of all the montmorillonite |
|
|
Term
| because of the high CEC and high water holding capacity of typical Illinois soil, not much of this is needed |
|
Definition
-application of nutrients
-irrigation |
|
|
Term
| how water behaves relating to pH |
|
Definition
| water dissociates into H+ and OH- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH of equal concentration of H+ and OH- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whyb soils in humid regions become acidic |
|
Definition
| because H+ gets on the exchange sites; get concentrated within water at the soil particle surface |
|
|
Term
| pH of Georgia native soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH of Illinois farmland soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH of Wyoming desert soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how pH can have a direct effect on plant nutrition |
|
Definition
causes plant root membranes to fragment and become leaky, causing plant death
uncommon in cropping situations |
|
|
Term
| how pH can have an indirect effect on plant nutrition |
|
Definition
| availability of nutrients either becomes limiting and causes starving of some required nutrients, or makes others so soluble and available that they become toxic |
|
|
Term
| some elements that can be of reduced availability at pH 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some nutrients that can become toxic at pH 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies an abundance of Ca2+ to soil, which displaces H+ |
|
|
Term
| the reactions that happen when you lime soil |
|
Definition
| CaCO3-->Ca2++CO32-
2H++CO32--->H2CO3 (bicarbonate) |
|
|
Term
| why pH must be corrected BEFORE fertilization |
|
Definition
| because fertilizer can displace Ca2+ on colloid easier than it could H+ |
|
|
Term
| what the amount of lime to apply depends on |
|
Definition
| surface and subsoil conditions |
|
|
Term
| surface conditions that factor in to how much lime to apply |
|
Definition
| pH, texture/structure, and OM |
|
|
Term
| subsoil conditions that factor in to how much lime to apply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how texture and OM factor in to how much lime to apply |
|
Definition
| tells us the adsorbtive power of soil |
|
|
Term
| why soils high in clay have high lime requirement to change pH |
|
Definition
| because they have more exchange sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that can happen as a result of overliming |
|
Definition
-defficiencies of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn
-reduced phosphate availability |
|
|
Term
| why overliming becomes a management nightmare |
|
Definition
-sulfur has to be added to drive pH down
-too much sulfur results in low pH, resulting in farmer being in a vicious cycle to adjust the pH |
|
|
Term
| this pH promotes availability of nutrients to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if pH is suitably adjusted for this, then other nutrients will be available if present in adequate amounts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of organic matter in soil vs. amount of lime needed |
|
Definition
| the higher the organic matter content, the more lime that is needed |
|
|
Term
| CEC vs. amount of lime needed |
|
Definition
| the higher the CEC, the more lime is needed |
|
|
Term
| how many mineral nutrients are essential for crop growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the non-mineral nutrients that are needed for crop growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where plants obtain C, H, and O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required in relativcely large concentrations by the plant (0.1-2%) |
|
|
Term
| the major mineral elements are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required in small concentrations to maintain normal plant growth |
|
|
Term
| the minor elements are... |
|
Definition
-Fe
-B
-Mn
-Zn
-Mo
-Cu
-Co
7 of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 80% CaCO3 + 20% MgCO3
supplies Ca and Mg as well as adjusting soil pH |
|
|
Term
| when sulfur is not needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are the nutrients that usually express deficiencies first and may limit plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of organic N fertilizer |
|
Definition
| organic manure, dairy lagoons, etc |
|
|
Term
| why organic N fertilizers haven't been used extensively over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something good organic N applications can do |
|
Definition
-increase soil OM
-reduce environmental pollution? |
|
|
Term
| some common forms of inorganic nitrogen in US |
|
Definition
| -(NH4)2SO4- 21%N (solid) (not much anymore)
-NH4NO3- 33% N (solid)
-urea- 42-45% N (liquid)
-NH4+- 82% N (gas) |
|
|
Term
| (NH4)2SO4 is a byproduct of... |
|
Definition
| coke industry (steel mills) |
|
|
Term
| other inorganic N fertilizers are synthetics that require this for production |
|
Definition
| lots of energy (natural gas) |
|
|
Term
| forms of phosphorus fertilizer |
|
Definition
-rock phosphate
-superphosphate
-ammonium phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (mined in Florida)- Ca3(PO4)2- low solubility and availability to plants (cheap) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca(H2PO4)2- made by reacting rock phosphate with sulfuric acid (expensive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NH4PO4- react rock phosphate with pure ammonium (expensive)- lots of impurities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % P2O5 of ammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purity of potassium depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of potassium fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why P should be placed in thew sone of soil where root development will occur |
|
Definition
| because P moves little in soil |
|
|
Term
| why you can apply all the P at one time and it won't leach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of N and K in soil |
|
Definition
get lots of vertical movement from leaching because they are extremely soluble (especially N)
follows path of water |
|
|
Term
| how N should be applied to meet crop needs |
|
Definition
| by using split applications |
|
|
Term
| movement of fertilizer can damage... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of fertilizer presents a problem with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starter fertilizer planted with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fertilizer can damage seed |
|
Definition
| If there's a light rain followed by a dry period, water and fertilizer can move up, surrounding developing roots, and the salt concentration of soil water desiccates the developing roots. Therefore, placement of fertilizer is critical. |
|
|
Term
| fertilizing strategies for row crops |
|
Definition
-starter fertilizer
-top dressing |
|
|
Term
| starter fertilizer for row crops |
|
Definition
-solid (usually N)
-placed 2-3 inches to side and below |
|
|
Term
| why starter fertilizer is an efficient use |
|
Definition
| because plant is small and doesn't need a lot of fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to split N fertilizer applications |
|
Definition
| because if a lot of fertilizer is applied, it leaches away from plant roots |
|
|
Term
| top dressing for row crops |
|
Definition
| solid or liquid (usually only N) |
|
|
Term
| when you need to get additional fertilizer to crops to prevent nutrient deficiently |
|
Definition
| when the crop enters rapid phase of growth |
|
|
Term
| do this for row crops if fertilizer needs are high |
|
Definition
| apply K, P, lime broadcast before preparing seedbed and work into soil |
|
|
Term
| crops that don't need N fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starter fertilizer for winter grains |
|
Definition
-(fall) solid
-grain- usually broadcast prior to seedbed preparation- 20-40 lbs/A N in fall
-if grazed- boost to 80 lbs/A N in fall |
|
|
Term
| top dress for winter grains |
|
Definition
-late February
--grain- 60-100 lbs N/A depending upon previous crop (legume vs. grain) |
|
|
Term
| soil testinbg permits producer to... |
|
Definition
| get insight as to potential fertility problems, allowing correction of these problems before the crop is grown |
|
|
Term
| in soil testing, lab analysis is based on... |
|
Definition
| producer's ability to obtain a representative sample from the field of concern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plastic bucket
-soil probe or garden trowel
-soil sample bag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-push probe or trowel to a6" depth and put soil in a bucket
-do this 5-10 times for small fields/lawns and 20-50 times for large fields
-sample entire field to get representative sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
county extension office
they send it to UGA for lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| this soil analysis is free |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measures...
-pH
-P
-K
-Ca
-Mg
reports available lbs/A |
|
|
Term
| this soil analysis costs extra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special soil analysis tests for this |
|
Definition
| -Zn
-Mn
-B
-OM
-soluble salts
-NO3
-NH4
-particle size (texture)
-total N |
|
|
Term
| when extension service returns data from soil testing |
|
Definition
2-3 days later
county office maintains a copy to build a history of your fertility practices |
|
|
Term
| soil tests may not be entirely accurate for this |
|
Definition
| determining how plants will respond to fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| the effect of amount of N applied in some crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how excessive N affects yield in cotton |
|
Definition
| excessive vegetative growth |
|
|
Term
| how excessive N affects yield in sugar beets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how excessive N can affect tobacco quality |
|
Definition
| too much N can result in more nicotine, making it more addictive |
|
|
Term
| tissue testing can be used as this for a fertility program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way to do a tissue test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how a tissue test by removing a leaf petiole is done |
|
Definition
1: farmer/scout obtains testing kit from extension service
-in the testing kit, there's 10 minikits, 1 for each week of sampling
-sample when plants first bloom
-sample petiole the same as you would soil. walk thru field and get 20-30 petioles
2: take samples to county agent's office
-agent overnight express to soil test lab
-lab dries sample next day (day 2)
-sample is analyzed and data is reported to county agent via computer link (day 3)
3: farmer top dresses with N according to test |
|
|
Term
| % of soil weight taken up by minerals in north Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of soil weight taken up by minerals in south Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of soil weight taken up by minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of soil weight taken up by OM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air and water take up about this much of the soil volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between OM content and soil color |
|
Definition
| the more organic matter, the darker |
|
|
Term
| relationship between OM content and density |
|
Definition
| the more organic matter, the less dense |
|
|
Term
| a difference between soil in N. Georgia and soil in S. Georgia |
|
Definition
| soil in N. GA tends to have fair amount of clay; soil in S. GA tends to be more sandy, maybe 90% |
|
|
Term
| relationship between soil OM content and water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| the greater the organic matter, the greater the water holding capacity |
|
|
Term
| general depiction of the composition of a soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organic matter that’s most resistant to disappearing |
|
Definition
| plant roots while the plant is still living |
|
|
Term
| the decayed roots serve as |
|
Definition
| a nutrient bank for microbes |
|
|
Term
| some nutrient cycling in the soil that involves organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing relationship between soil texture and water content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area of particles vs. how much water the soil will hold |
|
Definition
| the greater the surface area of the soil particles, the greater the amount of water it will hold |
|
|
Term
| the best combo of water holding and water drainage is at this texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how residual soils are formed |
|
Definition
-Formed in place
+In this case, the parent material in the C horizon goes thru chemical weathering and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil generally forms at 40 tons/acre/yr |
|
|
Term
| how root exudates contribute to chemical weathering of soil |
|
Definition
-epidermal cells form root hair
+Root hairs have protons in there because plants naturally produce them, so plants exude protons to exchange for nutrients, thus causing chemical weathering |
|
|
Term
| why there's more nutrient availability out west |
|
Definition
| because of less chemical weathering |
|
|
Term
| how Organic acids from lichens and mosses contribute to chemical weathering of soil |
|
Definition
| Makes soil under little mats of vegetation |
|
|
Term
| map of soil orders in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inceptisols sometimes just don’t have much chance for... |
|
Definition
| chemical weathering by biological means |
|
|
Term
| mollisols developed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| map of geologic regions in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a soil profile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rainfall causes fine particles to do this in the soil profile |
|
Definition
| move down the soil profile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| washing down of fine particles into the soil; this leads to the development of clay-rich B horizons |
|
|
Term
| these soils have a high recharge rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of soil in the flatwoods region |
|
Definition
-tends to be poorly drained
-has elevated water table
-such characteristics are common in swamps |
|
|
Term
| some soil characteristics that are common in swamps |
|
Definition
-tends to be poorly drained
-has elevated water table |
|
|
Term
| what excessive nutrients in the Cesapeake caused |
|
Definition
| lotta plankton and such and decaying life causes dead zones |
|
|
Term
| why inceptisols are bad for building roads |
|
Definition
| because they have montmorillonite in their B horizons, making the B horizon swell when wet and shrink when dry |
|
|
Term
| why there's a soil thast has a clay horizon on top of a histic horizon |
|
Definition
| because of rice farming back in the day |
|
|
Term
| this fungus decomposes lignin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how soil particles are held together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what’s left over after the organic matter has rotted |
|
|
Term
| the role of organic matter in cementing |
|
Definition
| acts as a nucleus for cementing |
|
|
Term
| soil of this texture is densest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of clay-rich B horizons |
|
|
Term
| what happens to plants when you have compacted B layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virgin soil: soil that hasn’t been disrupted |
|
|
Term
| tilth improves at this organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the soils we have here in Georgia are made of... |
|
Definition
| silicate clays, such as kaolinite |
|
|
Term
| the bonding of the alumina sheet to the silica sheet in the 1:1 layer is due to... |
|
Definition
| the surfaces coming into contact |
|
|
Term
| a type of soil kaolinite is found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of kaolinite |
|
Definition
-Compacted clay lattices
-Held together by H bonds (-H….OH-)
-Little movement of other ions in and out of interior surfaces
-Creates thick particles |
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Term
| microscopic view of kaolinite |
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Definition
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Term
| shape of kaolinite particles |
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Definition
| hexagonal; some thin and others much thicker |
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Term
| why kaolinite has a low CEC |
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Definition
| the only cation small enough to get in between the sheets is H+ |
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Term
| structure of montmorillonite |
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Definition
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Term
| why the sheets of montmorillonite don't really stick together |
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Definition
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Term
| some characteristics of montmorillonite |
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Definition
-Open clay latices
-Loosely held together by cations, water
-A lot of movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces |
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Term
| montmorillonite found in these soils |
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Definition
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Term
| microscopic view of montmorillonite |
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Definition
[image]
The reason it looks like this is because of all the cations that get in there |
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Term
| whyb montmorillonite has a high CEC |
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Definition
| because lots of cations can get in between the sheets |
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Term
| soils high in this mineral good for no till |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of 2:1 clay that expands |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of 2:1 clay that doesn't expand |
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Definition
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Term
| some details about Illite |
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Definition
-Clay latices held together by K and H.
-Not as tight as kaolinite, but much tighter than montmorillonite
-Not much movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces |
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Term
| Illite is found in this soil |
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Definition
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Term
| microscopic photo of illite |
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Definition
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Term
| the nutrients we have the biggest problems with |
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Definition
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Term
| pH where iron becomes a limiting nutrient |
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Definition
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Term
| at this pH, we have Al toixicity |
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Definition
| pH less than or equal to 5.5 |
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Term
| we have this at the tip of the root |
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Definition
| a root cap with a meristem underneath it |
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Term
| lots of this going on in the meristem |
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Definition
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Term
| what aluminum does at too low a pH |
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Definition
| at too low a pH, aluminum complexes with phosphate to form aluminum phosphate, which can accumulate in the rapidly dividing meristem tissue and stop the root growth |
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Term
| availability of specific nutrients at various pH's |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| boron is important espescially from a reproductive standpoint, especially peanuts |
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Term
| how the Great Salt Lake formed |
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Definition
| the Great Salt Lake is what’s left over from a sea that used to exist, but the lake becomes saltier as the lake shrinks |
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Term
| how nitrogen fertilizer is made |
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Definition
| nitrogen fertilizer is from the Haber-Bosch process, where they take atmospheric nitrogen, atmospheric hydrogen, and can be used to synthesize NH3 (ammonia) and other N fertilizers |
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Term
| why we now have to be prudent about our N fertilizer |
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Definition
| we now have to be prudent about our N fertilizer, not only from the environmental standpoint, but also from the economic standpoint |
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Term
| what happens to NH4+ in the soil |
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Definition
| -not very mobile
-rapidly converted to NO3- by soil microbes |
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Term
| how NO3- should be applied |
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Definition
| Apply broadcast with split applications |
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Term
| the only form of P that's mobile |
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Definition
| organic forms (litter, municipal waste, etc) – pH issue |
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|
Term
| where to place P fertilizer at planting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| More mobile than P but relatively immobile |
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|
Term
| how to apply potassium fertilizer |
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Definition
| Apply either broadcast or in row |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| what happens to ammonia that's made in the soil |
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Definition
| it volitalizes into the atmosphere |
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Term
| why N fertilizers are tricky to work with |
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Definition
| because they’re at risk of being non-point source pollution |
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|
Term
| this form of N is a heck of a lot more dangerous than ammonium nitrate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why P is usually immobile |
|
Definition
| because it complexes with other chemicals |
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|
Term
| why K can move down the soil profile |
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Definition
| because it gets displaced by H+ |
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|
Term
| some ways to fertilize row crops |
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Definition
-Broadcast
-Starter
-Topdressing |
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Term
| ways to fertilize pastures |
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Definition
-Broadcast P & K before establishment because they’re immobile at first
-Topdress N because it’ll leach down into soil |
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Term
| Broadcast P & K before establishment because... |
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Definition
| they’re immobile at first |
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Term
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Definition
| it’ll leach down into soil |
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|
Term
| the relationship between crop dry weight and amount of fertilizer is... |
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Definition
| lag phase, log phase, linear phase, and then another lag phase |
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Term
| why you put fertilizer on the side of the seed |
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Definition
because if it was placed directly below, the ionic activity of that fertilizer would kill the primary root
another reason: by the time the plant develops lateral roots, the fertilizer is dissipated enough such that it won’t kill the roots |
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Term
| depiction of where the seed and the fertilizer should be placed |
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Definition
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Term
| When Should Additional Nitrogen be Added? |
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Definition
| When the plant’s needs enter into a logarithmic increase. Legumes don’t need N because of N fixation. |
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Term
| at some point, this happens to the nitrogen in the leabves |
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Definition
| it gets remobilized into the new grain |
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Term
| wheat has to go thru this to change from vegetative phase to reproductive phase |
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Definition
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Term
| why you don't have to give N to soybeans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When Should Additional Potassium be Added? |
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Definition
| Generally, Potassium is not that mobile so one application prior to planting according to soil test recommendations is sufficient |
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Term
| When Should Additional Phosphorus be Added? |
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Definition
| Phosphorus fertilizer (inorganic) is the least mobile of the three major nutrients, thus if fertilized correctly prior to seeding, no need for additional fertilizer |
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Term
| Effect of soil depth on pH of Georgia farm soils |
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Definition
| pH decreases as you go down the soil profile |
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|
Term
| soil acidity can suggest this about the previous farmer |
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Definition
| it can suggest that the previous farmer didn’t apply enough lime and fertilizer |
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Term
| the steps of soil analysis |
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Definition
-Soil sampling
-Analysis (P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, Lime requirement)
-Recommendation |
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Term
| the steps of plant analysis |
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Definition
-Total analyses
+Leaf sampling
+Analysis (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn)
-Tissue tests |
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Term
| Lime at least 2 months prior to planting because... |
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Definition
| it takes a while for the lime to dissolve and displace the H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Walk across field and sample at various locations, composite sample, send to soil test lab. |
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Term
| why you want plastic bucket for soil sample |
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Definition
| because galvanized metal has zinc and manganese in it such that it contaminates the sample |
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Term
| gotta do this to the soil sample before you send it |
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Definition
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Term
| what to do in precision agriculture as far as soil is concerned |
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Definition
-Extensive soil sampling and analysis
-Manage nutrients for every location in the field |
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Term
| objectives of presicion agriculture as far as soil is concerned |
|
Definition
- reduce nutrient runoff by managing nutrients for potential productivity of land and inherent fertility of soil (reduced environmental risk)
-Increased farm profitability |
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Term
| this is often done to determine limiting nutrient |
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Definition
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