Term
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Definition
| Biology is the scientistic study of life |
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Term
| What are the 3 domains of life? |
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Definition
| The three domains of life are: Bacteria, Archae and Eukarya |
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Term
| What are the four kingdoms? |
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Definition
| Plantae, fungi, protist, and animalia |
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Term
| What are the properties of life? |
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Definition
| 1. Homoestatis 2. organism must have order 3. organism must grow and develop 4.organism must respond to the environment 5. organism must have the ability to reproduce 6. organism must have the ability to evolve 7. organism must use energy |
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Term
To be described as living, what does an organism need to have?
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Definition
| It must have ALL properties of life |
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Term
| What are the 6 common themes of Biology? |
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Definition
1. Scope of life and emergent properties
2. organisms exchange matter & energy w/in their ecosystems
3. cells are an organism's basic unit
4. continuity of life is based on info in RNA
5. Diversity is the hallmark of life and diverse forms of life fit their functions
6. Evolution |
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Term
| what is the scientific method? |
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Definition
| A formal process of inquiry |
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Term
| What are the steps to the scientific method? |
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Definition
| 1. observation 2. question 3. hypothesis 4. prediction 5. experiment 6. conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed explanation for a set of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| comprehensive explanation of observed phenomena that is widely accepted in the scientific community |
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Term
| what are the limits of science? |
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Definition
1. science is not the only way to understand nature
2. science cannot address every question posed by man |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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Term
| what are atoms composed of? |
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Definition
Atoms are composed of electrons (found in electron cloud), protons ( in nucleus), and neutrons (in nucleus)
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a proton? |
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Definition
| protons are positively charged; they are located in nucleus |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of electrons? |
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Definition
| they are negatively charged; found around the nucleus in the electron cloud |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of neutrons? |
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Definition
| they are neither positively or negatively charged; located in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrically charged atom due to the gain or loss of an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an atom loses or gains a neutron |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to do work; make a change in matter |
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Term
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Definition
| atom that is neither positively or negatively charged ( all the protons = amount of electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| elements that our bodies need in small amounts; we cannot live w/o them |
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Term
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Definition
| when the nucleus decays and the element is giving off particles and energy |
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Term
| How many electrons are in each shell? |
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Definition
| 1st shell-2 2nd & 3rd shell-8 |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons in an element |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
| forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons. This is the strongest bond; atoms held together by this bond form molecules |
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Term
| What is the weakest chemical bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is water important to life? |
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Definition
| water is important to life b/c it constitutes 60% of the mass of organisms, it helps regulate body temperature, and makes up 90% of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning material in a chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ending material in a chemical reaction |
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Term
| why can water absorb a lot of heat? |
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Definition
| b/c of its hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| ice is less dense then the water around it |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid that is homogenous mixture of two or more substances ex: salt water |
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Term
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Definition
| the dissolving agent of a solution ex: water |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that is dissolved ex: salt |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution ex: hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical compound that accepts H+ and removes it from a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| during this reaction, water molecules (equivalent to the amount of bonds) are added to break apart macromolecules. Energy is released during this reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| during this reaction, water molecules (equivalent to the # of bonds) are removed to link molecular units, requires energy and builds macromolecules from smaller units |
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Term
| what are the 4 basic macromolecules? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of lipids? |
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Definition
| triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Term
| what are the five kind of proteins? |
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Definition
| tranport, contractile, enzymes, storage, and structural |
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Term
| what are proteins compose of? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many kinds of amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the 3D shape of a protein important? |
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Definition
| it determines the function of the protein. a misformation can lead to a disease. |
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Term
| What are the functions for nucleic acid? |
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Definition
| provides directions for building proteins |
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Term
| what are the two type of nucleic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is high fructose corn syrup? |
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Definition
| an artifical sweetener made by chemically treated sugars extracted from corn |
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Term
| why are trans fat unhealthy? |
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Definition
| b/c they have double bonds that do not occur naturally; the human body cannot digest them |
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Term
| what is an organic molecule? |
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Definition
| they are carbon based molecules |
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Term
| difference between simple sugar (monosaccharides) and complex sugar (polysaccharides)? |
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Definition
| simple sugars cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars; complex sugars are made up of multiple sugars units and can be broken down by hydrolysis |
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Term
| what organism stores glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organisms store starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are glucose and starch made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the basic unit of an organism |
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Term
| what are the four types of microscopes? |
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Definition
| light microscopes, electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and tranmission electron microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| uses visible light that is projected through the specimen. It uses glass lens to enlarge the image and project it into a human eye or a camera |
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Term
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Definition
| uses a beam of electrons to resolve objects |
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Term
| Transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| useful for seeing the internal structures of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| used to study the detailed structure of the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles that convert light energy to the chemical energy of food |
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Term
the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
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Definition
| prokaryotic cells are older, tend to be smaller and do not have any organelles bound by membrane-enclosed structures and lack a nucleus. eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| thin outer membrane that surrounds the cell. It regulates the traffic of molecules between the cell and surround structures |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny structures that build proteins according to instructions from the DNA |
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Term
| What structures are present in a plant cell but not in an animal cell? |
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Definition
| the cell wall and chloroplast |
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Term
| what is the plasma membrane and other membranes within a cell composed of? |
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Definition
| phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that make up the membranes in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| increase of the specimen's apparent size |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate |
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Term
| who was the first person to describe cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do all cells have in common? |
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Definition
| they all have a plasma membrane, cytosol or cytoplasma, at least one chromosome (including DNA), and ribosomes |
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Term
| Characteristics of Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| they are smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack internal structures surrounded by membranes, lack a nucleus, and have a rigid cell wall |
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Term
| what are the cell walls of bacteria made of? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the two layered membrane formed by phospholipids called?
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Definition
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Term
| why is the membrane of a cell described as fluid mosaic? |
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Definition
| b/c the proteins can move freely within the membranes and a high diversity of proteins that float around |
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Term
| what are the cell walls of plant cells mostly made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sticky coat that helps hold the cells together in tissues while protecting and supporting them |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant's cell wall protects the cells, maintain cell shape, and keeps cells from absorbing too much water |
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Term
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Definition
| tight junction, gap junction, and adhere junction |
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Term
| why do manufactors produce foods with transfat? |
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Definition
| they have a longer self life, people like the creamy texture of the food, and it saves them money |
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Term
| what are phospholipids made of? |
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Definition
| 2 fatty acids, PO4, and glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| a double membrane that borders the nucleus. It is similiar in structure to the plasma membrane and controls the traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| located within the nucleus. Ribosomes are made here |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers within in the nucleus formed by DNA molecules and protein |
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Term
| Each long chromatin fiber constitute what organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does DNA direct protein production? |
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Definition
| it transfers the coded information into messenger RNA |
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Term
| what organelles make up the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- vacuoles
- nuclear envelope
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Term
| what is the endomembrane system responsible for? |
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Definition
| it manufactors and distributes cellular products |
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Term
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
one of the main manufactoring facilities within a cell. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and is responsible for modifying proteins made by ribosomes. It is composed of smooth and rough ER |
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Term
| rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
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Definition
| has ribosomes on the surface. Is responsible for the modification of membrane and secretory proteins and the production of new membrane |
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Term
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Definition
lacks surface ribosomes. Is responsibles for producing lipids (including steroids) and is home to enzymes that detoxify foreign objects (found in liver cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| works with the ER. It is responsible for refining, storing and distributing the chemical products of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for the the break down of large molecules (such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids). Fuses with food vacuoles to digest food. |
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Term
| what cell organelle is responsible for destroying harmful bacteria and breaking down damaged organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do vacuoles come from? |
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Definition
| they form in the ER, Golgi Apparatus, and the plasma membrane |
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Term
| what are contractile vacuoles of protists responsible for? |
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Definition
| they pump out excess water in the cell |
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Term
| what are the central vacuoles of plants are responsible for? |
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Definition
| they store nutrients, absorb water, and may contain a plant's pigments or poisons |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are the organelles that perfrom photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar |
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Term
| the three major compartments of chloroplasts |
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Definition
- the space between the two membranes
- the stroma
- the space within the grana
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Term
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Definition
| a thick fluid within the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| the structures that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy |
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Term
| where does cellular respiration take place? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does cellular respiration produce ad what is it produced from? |
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Definition
| ATP; the energy of food molecules |
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Term
| the two membranes that encloses mitochondrion consist of: |
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Definition
| an outer smooth membrane and an inner membrane that has numerous cristae |
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Term
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Definition
| the numerous infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondrion |
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Term
| how can scientist tell that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free living prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| they contain their own DNA that encodes some of their proteins |
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Term
| functions of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
- provides mechancial support to the cell
- maintains cell shape
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Term
| what is the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| it is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
| the fibers of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
- microtubules
- intermediate filaments (these are thinner and solid)
- microfilaments ("")
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Term
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Definition
are straight and hollow. They guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes |
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Term
| difference between cilia movement and flagella movement |
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Definition
| flagella propel the cell in a whip like motion (think human sperm cell). Cilia move in a coordinated back and forth motion (think cells in respiratory tract). |
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Term
| theme 1: the scope of life and emergent properties |
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Definition
- lifes consists of a vertical hierarchy (i.e. food chains, ecosystems)
- novel properties emerge at each step b/c of arrangements and interactions of components
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Term
| photosynthesis is an example of what theme and why? |
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Definition
emergent property; b/c you can have all the components neccessary for photosynthesis in test tube, expose it to light and photosynthesis won't occur
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Term
| theme 2: organisms exchange matter & energy within ecosystems |
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Definition
every organism interacts w/ its environment; both affect each other. nutrients are recycled & energy flows from sunlight to producers to consumers. |
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Term
| theme 3: cells are an organisms basic unit |
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Definition
| cells are the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities of life |
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Term
| what are the two kinds of cells? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
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Term
| Theme 4: the continuity of life is based on the information in DNA |
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Definition
| chromosomes contain most of a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| they are the unit of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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Term
| _______ is the substance of genes |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the fifth theme of biology? |
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Definition
| diversity is the hallmark of life and the diverse forms of life fit their functions |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms with a true nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse group consisting of algae, kelp, protozoa, and slime molds. Most organisms in this group are unicellular but some are multicellular. |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable changes in populations over generations |
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Term
| what is the core theme of biology? |
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Definition
| scientific explanation for the unity of life and the diversity of life |
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Term
| what are the two main forms of inquiry? |
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Definition
| discovery science and hypothesis based science (scientific method) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the main forms of inquiry that describes natural structures and processes |
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Term
| the most accurate source of scientific information |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the goal of science? |
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Definition
| to understand natural phenomena |
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Term
| what is the goal of technology? |
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Definition
| to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose |
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Term
| what is biology marked by? what is technology marked by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance which cannot be broken down into substances by chemical reactions |
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Term
| how many elements are there? |
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Definition
| 92 naturally occurring; 103 total |
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Term
| what is the smallest unit of an element that has all of its properties? |
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Definition
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Term
| most common elements in organisms |
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Definition
- hydrogen
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- phosphorus
- sulfur
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Term
| how are radioactive isotopes used in research and medicine? |
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Definition
| they are used for PET scans and doctors have attempted to diagnose Alzheimer's Disease before onset of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| stored energy; it is stored in the bonds that hold atoms together |
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Term
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Definition
| released when bonds that hold atoms together are broken |
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Term
| what bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| in water, where do the electrons of hydrogen electrons spend most of their time? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of your cells is composed of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| water constitutes what percentage of the mass of organisms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the properties of water? |
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Definition
- high heat of vaporization
- ice formation
- cohesion and adhesion
- high polarity
- solvent
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a nonpolar substance that will not dissolve readily in water i.e. fats and oils |
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Term
| what are the only substances that will dissolve readily in water? |
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Definition
| substances that are ionic or polar in nature |
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Term
| what is the primary solvent in cells? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| attraction between like molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| attraction between different molecules |
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Term
| how can changes in pH of the body fluid affect an organism? |
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Definition
| changes in pH affect how molecules are transported, how rapidly chemical reactions take place and the shape of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that resist changes in pH |
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Term
| what is an important buffer in both the body and environment? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what buffers come in pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the effects of acid rain? |
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Definition
| it lowers the pH of lakes, streams, and soils & can kill organisms. It dissolves metals that can contaminate water systems |
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Term
| direct effect of acid rain |
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Definition
| kills organisms b/c it lowers the pH of streams/lakes |
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Term
| carbon makes up what percentage of body by weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the properties of carbon? |
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Definition
| it can form four covalent bonds, it can form single or double bonds, and it can build micro or macromolecules |
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Term
| what element is the building block of living things? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why is carbon the backbone of biological molecules? |
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Definition
| the electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibilty with many differet elements |
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Term
| how many electrons does hydrogen need? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many electrons does oxygen need? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how many electrons does nitrogen need? carbon? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| simplest organic compounds |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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Term
| what is the simplest hydrocarbon and what does it consist of? |
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Definition
| methane and it consists of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecule made from many similar monomers |
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Term
| three kinds of carbohydrates |
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Definition
- monosaccharide (simple sugars)
- disaccharide (double sugars)
- polysaccharide (complex sugars)
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|
Term
| properties of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
- subunits are sugar
- contains C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
- polymers=polysaccharides
- provides structural support to plains
- stores energy
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|
Term
| what are the types of monosaccharides (simple sugars)? |
|
Definition
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
- ribose
- deoxyribose
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|
Term
| what simple sugars have a five carbon ring stucture? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Honey contains what two simple sugars? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sports drinks contain what monosaccharide? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| fruit contains what simple sugar? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ are the main source of fuel for cellular work |
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Definition
| monosaccharides/simple sugars |
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|
Term
| what two monosaccharides are isomers? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis |
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|
Term
| the disaccharide sucrose is made of what two monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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|
Term
the disaccharide maltose is made of what monosaccharides?
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|
Definition
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|
Term
| the disaccharide lactose is made of what two simple sugars? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what two monosaccharides have a 6 carbon ring? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how are disaccharides joined together? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to digest lactose properly |
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|
Term
| why can't people who are lactose intolerant digest lactose? |
|
Definition
| they do not produce enough of the enzyme lactase |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does sucrose (table sugar) come from? |
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Definition
| it is extracted from sugar cane and roots of sugar beets |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly used in soft drinks; is approximately 55% fructose and 42% gluctose |
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Term
|
Definition
| high fructose corn syrup that is used in beverages, processed foods, cereals and baked goods; approximately 42% fructose and 53% glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| high fructose corn syrup that is used in small quantities for specialty applications; approximately 90% fructose and 10% glucose |
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Term
| this high fructose corn syrup is blended with HFCS 42 to make HFCS 55 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| indigestible polysaccharide made in plants for structural support |
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Term
| major sources of starch for the human diet |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| polysaccharide that is similar in structure to starch |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the most abundant organic compound on Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can grazing animals survive on a diet of cellulose? |
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Definition
| they have prokaryotes in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids
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|
|
Term
| what are triglycerides composed of? |
|
Definition
composed of glycerol & fatty acids
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|
|
Term
| what are the functions of triglycerides? |
|
Definition
| they store energy, insulation of warm-blooded animals and cushions internal organs |
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|
Term
| what are the two types of fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| saturated and unsaturated |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| have no double bonds, they are solid, and found in food that comes from animals i.e. dairy products, meat; has all the bonds it can take |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contain 1 or more double bonds, is a liquid at room temperature and is found in food that comes from plants i.e. vegetable oil |
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|
Term
| properties of healthy fats |
|
Definition
| fats w/ omega 3 fatty acids reduce risk of heart disease. They are polyunsaturated fats |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- similar to neutral fats
- contain glycerol, 2 fatty acids, & PO4
- has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes membranes and used as a chemical messenger/sex hormone |
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|
Term
| what steroid is used to stablize membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what steroids are used as a chemical messenger and sex hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do amino acids consist of? |
|
Definition
| a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners (three of these attachment groups are common to all amino acids) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- speeds up biological reaction sbut not altered or consumed
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|
Term
| non-protein cofactors required by many enzymes |
|
Definition
- inorganic (zinc, iron, & copper)
- organic/coenzymes (vitamins)
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|
|
Term
what are the three parts of nucleotide?
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Definition
- a five carbon sugar
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogenous base
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Term
| what does a double helix consist of? |
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Definition
| two strands of DNA joined together |
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Term
| bases of DNA and their pairs |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA uses what for a base instead of thymine (T)? |
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Definition
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