1. the uypper respiratory system consists of all the following except

a. Nose

b. Larynx

c. Pharynx

d. Both A and C

Both B and C

2) The lower respiratory system consists of all the following except

a) Trachea

b) Larynx

c) Pharynx

d) Both A and C

e) Both B and C

3) The cardiac notch is located on the right lung.

a) True

b) False

4) The left lung has two lobes in comparison to the right lung which has 3.

a) True

b) False

5) This portion of the pharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate.

a) Laryngopharynx

b) hypopharynx

c) Oropharynx

d) Nasopharynx

e) Both A and C

6) As branching becomes more extensive in the bronchial tree

a) mucous membrane changes from ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblets cells in the primary bronchi to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in larger bronchioles.

b) Plates of cartilage gradually replace the incomplete rings of cartilage in the primary bronchi & finally disappear in the distal bronchioles

c) As the amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle decreases

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

7) Branching of the bronchial tree occurs by the following route:

a) Trachea, Primary/Secondary Bronchi, terminal bronchiles, bronchioles

b) Trachea, Primary/Secondary Bronchi, terminal bronchiles, tertiary bronchioles

c) Trachea, Primary/Secondary Bronchi, terminal bronchiles, larynx

d) Trachea, Primary/Secondary Bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

e) None of the above

8) The respiratory zone is considered:

a) To consist of alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

b) To be the site of gas exchange between air and blood

c) To consist of tissue within the lungs, heart, and thoracis area

d) All of the above

e) Both A and B

9) The superficial layer called _______ lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

10) Between these two pleurae is a small space, the ________ which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by membranes.

Between these two pleurae is a small space, the pleural cavity which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by membranes.

11) The mediastinal surface of each lung contains a region, the ________, through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit.

The mediastinal surface of each lung contains a region, the hilum, through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit.

12) The intermediate portion of the pharynx, the __________, lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate.

Use the following:

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

The intermediate portion of the pharynx, the Oropharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate.

13) The ______ begins at the level of hyoid bone.

Use the following:

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

14) There are five openings in the _______.

14) There are five openings in the Nasopharynx.

15) The _______ is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Use the following:

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

16) The _________ and 17) __________ are line with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Use the following:

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

19) What is line I pointing to? figure 1

a) Right secondary bronchus

b) Left Secondary bronchus

c) Right primary bronchus

d) left primary bronchus

e) Carina

20) What is line J pointing to? Figure 1.

a) Right secondary bronchus

b) Left Secondary bronchus

c) Right primary bronchus

d) left primary bronchus

e) Carina

21) What is line E pointing to ? Figure 1

a) Right secondary bronchus

b) Left Secondary bronchus

c) Right primary bronchus

d) left primary bronchus

e) Carina

22) What is line N pointing to? Figure 1.

a) Right secondary bronchus

b) Left Secondary bronchus

c) Right terminal bronchiole

d) Left terminal bronchiole

e) Carina

23) This is a structure that results from nervous input from the upper extremities.

a) Lumbar enlargement

b) Filum terminale

c) Cauda equine

d) Spinal nerve 12

e) Cervical enlargment

24) Where is the lateral gray horn located? Figure 3.

a) B

b) C

c) D

d) E

e) F

25) This are is filled with CSF. Figure 3

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) G

26) In the human body there are ___ pairs of cervical nerves.

a) 10

b) 12.

c) 14

d) 6

e) 8

27) Where is the lateral white column? Fig 3

a) C

b) D

c) G

d) H

e) I

28) Where is the anterior gray horn? Fig 3

a) B

c) C

c) H

d) I

e) None of the above

30) Which statement(s) inaccurately describes "fast axonal transport".

a) Conveys axoplasma in one direction

b) conveys axoplasma in both directions

c) Moves materials about 1-5mm per day

d) Both A and C

e) None of the above

31) These cells are cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia.

a) Schwann cells

b) Satellite cells

c) Ependymal cells

d) All of the above

e) None of the above.

32) These types of neurogpia produce myelin sheaths.

a) Schwann cells

b) satellite cells

c) Oligodendrocytes

d) Both A and C

e) None of the above

33) which statement(s) most likely describes astrocytes:

a) Suppoerts neurons.

b) Maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling.

c) Play a role in learning and memory

d) make contact with blood capillaries, neurons and the pia mater.

e) All of the above

34) True (A) or False (B). At a chemical synapse, action potentials (impulses) conduct directly between adjacent cells through structures called gap junctions.

35) A sequence of events of rapidly occuring events that decrease and reverse the membrane potential and then eventually restore it to the resting state.

a) Summation

b) Graded potential

c) Action potential

d) All of the above

e) Noneof the above

36) Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

a) Chemical synapses

b) Electrical synapses

c) Ligand gated channels

d) voltage gated channels

e) Mechanically gated channels

37) Which fibers are most likely to exhibit continuous conduction?

a) A fibers

b) B fibers

c) C fibers

d) Both A and B

e) Both A and C

38) _______ is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS; while ______ is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS.

a) Tract, Nucleus

b) Nucleus, Tract

c) Ganglion, Nucleus

d) Nucleus, Ganglion

e) All of the above

39) The _______ and rootlets contain axons of motor neurons, which conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).

a) Posterior (dorsal) root

b) Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

c) Ventral (anterior) root

d) None of the above

40) There are ______ pair of thoracic nerves and _______ pair of lumbar nerves.

a) 12; 10

b) 10; 12

c) 12; 5

d) 5; 12

41) The PNS includes all of the following except the

a) Cranial nerves

b) Ganglia

c) Sensory receptors in skin

d) Spinal Nerves

e) Spinal Cord

42) A _______ is a bundle of axon in the PNS and a ______ is considered a bundle of axons that are located in the brain and spinal cord.

a) Tract; Nerve

b) Tract; Nucleus

c) Nerve; Nucleus

d) Nere; Tract

43) Which satement most accurately describes a sensory "afferent" neuron.

a) Carries information to the CNS

b) Carries info away from the CNS to effectors and glands

c) Located between sensory and efferent neurons

d) None of the above

44) Which part of the diagram is considered nerve fiber? Figure 2.

a) A

b) D

c) H

d) Both A and B

e) All of the above

45) This part of the diagram contains organelles and Nissle bodies. Figure 2.

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) E

e) Both A and B

This portion of the diagram contains cytoplasm and a myelin sheath wrapped around neurolemma. Figure 2.

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) G

47) In the diagram, where is the axon collateral? Figure 2.

a) C

b) D

c) F

d) H

e) I

48) In the diagram where are axon terminals? Figure 2.

a) F

b) G

c) H

d) I

e) None of the above

49) In the diagram where is the synaptic end bulb located? Figure 2.

a) F

b) G

c) H

d) I

50) Nerve fiber refers to:

a) Axon

b) Dendrites

c) Nissl Body

d) Both A and B

e) All of the above

51 to 55

Name the are associated with figure 4.

51. Area D: _______

52. Area H: _______

53. Area E: _______

54. Area F: _______

55. Area I: ________

51. Area D: Denticulate ligaments

52. Area H: Aracnoid mater

53. Area E: Subarachnoid mater

54. Area F: Subdual space

55. Area I: dura mater

56 to 61

Name and describe three ways in which a neurotransmitter can be removed.

1) diffusion: neurotransmits diffuse away

2) reuptake: neurotranmitter taken back into presynaptic nurons. Prozac is reuptake inhibitor.

3) bind: neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic neuron

62 to 67

name and describe three factors that affect the speed of propagation.

1) Temperature: hot - speeds up, colder - slows down

2) Diameter: large - faser, smaller - slower

3) Myelinated: faster, unmyelinated - slower

68) The function of this pathway is to convey nerve impulses that orginate in the cerebral cortes and are destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

a) Indirect pathway

b) Direct pathway

c) Lateral pathway

d) Both A and B

e) None of the above

69) The function of this pathway is to convey nerve impulses from the brainstem to cause automatic movements that regulate muscle tone, posture, and balance and orientation of the head and body.

a) Indirect pathway

b) Direct pathway

c) Lateral pathway

d) Both A and B

e) None of the above

70) Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure called_________.

a) Filum terminale

b) Lumbar enlargement

c) Cauda equina

d) Conus medullaris

e) None of the above

71 to 75.

In order, name the components of the reflex arc.

1) Sensory receptor

2) Sensory neuron (afferent)

3) Integrative / interneuron

4) motor neuron (efferent)

5) effector

76 - 79.

Draw and label a presynaptic, postsynaptic neuron, synapse and synaptic vesicles during exocytosis.

80) Synapses that occur from axon to dendrite are referred to as:

a) axoaxonic

b) axosomatic

c) axodendritic

d) Both A and B

e) None of the above

81) An action potential keeps its strength as it spreads along the membrane. This mode of conduction is called ______.

a) Fast traveling

b) leaping

c) Propagation

d) Both A and B

e) None of the above

82. when the spinal cord is viewed externally, two conspicuous enlargements can be see. This superior enlargement supplies nerves to and from the upper limbs.

a) Cervical Enlargement

b) Lumbar Enlargment

c) Conus Meduallaris

d) Both A and B

e) None of the above

83) The paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body are referred to as ______.

a) Cerfical Nerves

b) Spinal Nerves

c) Conus Meduallaris

d) Both A and B

e) Lumbar Nerves

84) This posterior column region carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the lower part of the body to the brain stem.

a) Cuneate fasciculus

b) Posterior spinocerebellar tract

c) Conus Meduallaris

d) Gracile fasciculus

e) Lumbar Nerves

84) This posterior column region carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the upper part of the body to the brain stem.

a) Cuneate fasciculus

b) Posterior spinocerebellar tract

c) Conus Meduallaris

d) Gracile fasciculus

e) Lumbar Nerves

86) Which statement most likely describes the correct flow of information?

a) cell body→dendrites→axon terminal→axon

b) cell body→dendrites→axon→axon terminal

c) dendrite →cell body→axon terminal→axon

d)dendrite→cell body→axon→axon terminal

e) All of the above

d)dendrite→cell body→axon→axon terminal

87) Which axons have the largest diameter?

a) A fibers

b) B fibers

c) C fibers

d) None of the above

88-92. Draw a transverse section of the spinal cord: label the following areas:

Posterior column

Anterior column

Anterior gray horn

Gracile fasciculus

Cunneate fsciculus