Term
| Ca stored in ______ until muscle fiber is depolarized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until ______ |
|
Definition
| muscle fiber is depolarized |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-leg muscles
-longer usage
-more continuous usage
-more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O)
-more blood vessel
-more fat
-more color
-has high aerobic capacity
-has higher capillary profusion
-birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
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Term
|
Definition
| central hollow region in bones |
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|
Term
| Difference between microvilli and villi |
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Definition
| villi protrude into the lumen (inside) of the intestine and microvilli are cytoplasmic extensions off of the epithelial membrane of the villi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fluffy or plumulaceous; these feathers have a less organized structure
-trap air for insulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the end of the bone where growth occurs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
very small, hair-like feathers with rudimentary barbs and barbules which are located at the apex.
-a.k.a. “Pin Feathers”
-Hard to remove in processing
-If dark in color, very detrimental to carcass |
|
|
Term
| Generally, what two breeds are crossed to give us the modern broiler chicken? |
|
Definition
| White Plymouth Rock and White Cornish |
|
|
Term
| Granulosa cells secrete... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are broiler feathers rendered |
|
Definition
| Steam pressure cookers with temperatures over 140 °C are used to "cook" and sterilize the feathers. This partially hydrolyzes the proteins, which denatures them. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment. |
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|
Term
| How could you increase the pigmentation of a chicken’s skin/yolk? |
|
Definition
| more carotenoids, which come from mostly corn diet |
|
|
Term
| How could you tell if a hen is a highly productive hen just by sight? |
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Definition
| yellow pigment is removed from the birds own body in the production of eggs as well as coming from the feed. Can be used for judging hens for egg production. |
|
|
Term
| How did artificial insemination contribute to Roman’s being known as the first poultry breeding specialist? |
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Definition
| this led to the heavy breed (meat) and the light breed (eggs); also came up with the concept of force feeding |
|
|
Term
| How do human and avian erythrocytes differ? |
|
Definition
| In birds, erythrocytes are oral shaped, nucleated, and 1.5x larger than mammalian RBC |
|
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Term
|
Definition
how they may work:
-supplying nutrients to beneficial microbes
-tricking pathogenic bacteria into attaching to the oligosaccharide rather than to the -intestinal mucosa
-Lower the gut pH through lactic acid production
-Inhibit/prevent colonization of pathogens
-Modifying metabolic activity of normal intestinal flora
-Stimulation of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| How does the feed conversion of chickens compare with other agricultural animals? |
|
Definition
broilers: 1.7
layers: 2.00
pork: 3.00
beef: 6.5 |
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Term
|
Definition
| male’s abdomen palpated to release semen thru cloaca and the semen gets inserted into the female’s vagina |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a chicken spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in a chicken spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much broiler meat does Georgia produce per year? |
|
Definition
| Georgia produces more than 7.5 billion pounds of broiler meat a year. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vein that returns blood from the abdomen and lower body to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Medullary bones form in egg laying birds in response to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogen-free extract; represents carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| On an average day, how many millions of pounds of chicken are produced in Georgia? |
|
Definition
| approx. 20.7 million lbs/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large unpaired tube located along dorsal midline of abdominal cavity between ovary and cloaca. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feathers that are found under the contour feathers and form a soft, downy-like undercoat.
they are
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 3 main proteases are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (rem-a-gees) wing feather-1º, 2º, flight feather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ret-try-seez) long feathers on tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has passages for capillaries and nerves; this type of bone is home to bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the epidermis, made up of dead, flattened, dehyrated hard or horny cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer of the epidermis, where epidermis cells are formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer of the epidermis, transition layer where new live cells transform into outer layer dead cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vein that returns blood from the head (via jugular veins), and upper body (wings, thoracic region) to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Theca of small immature follicles produces... |
|
Definition
| primarily estrogens and androgens |
|
|
Term
| Trace the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system. |
|
Definition
| inferior and superior vena cava → RA → right atriventricular valve (tricuspid) (lub) → right ventricle → pulmonary valves (dub) → pulmonary artery → lungs (picked up O and discharged CO2) → pulmonary veins (R&L) → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid, mital) (lub) → left ventricle → aortic valves (dub) → aorta → systemic |
|
|
Term
| What are some management changes that you can introduce to address issues with hock burns occurring in a broiler house? |
|
Definition
-litter management
-control ammonia
-waterline management
-nutritional consideration |
|
|
Term
| What are some measures that can be taken to reduce green muscle disease? |
|
Definition
measures to reduce wing flapping, such as...
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons why poultry production grew substantially between the years of 1920 and 1950? |
|
Definition
-Wilmer Steele’s establishment of broiler farming in Delmarva
-eradication of Salmonella pullorum by way of USDA, poultry improvement, and testing of flocks
-WW2 boosted production because it was needed to feed the soldiers; pork and beef were rationed, but chicken wasn’t
-1948 chicken of tomorrow contest
-destruction of cotton crop by boll weevil helped Southern farmers turn to poultry |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main macromolecules and how many kcal/g do they have? |
|
Definition
| lipids (9.5), carbohydrates (~4), proteins (~4) |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to increased instances of foot pad dermatitis (hock burn)? |
|
Definition
-“Ammonia burn”
-Combination of Moisture (softens pads and leads to FPD), High ammonia, and Contact with feces
-High stocking densities
-Nutritional concerns: (High protein --> wetter litter)
-all vegetable diets; high density (or high fat) diets) |
|
|
Term
| What can you measure to get the amount of crude protein in the diet? |
|
Definition
| N content; CP = N content X 6.25 |
|
|
Term
| What causes Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) in broiler meat? |
|
Definition
| the pH of the meat dropping too quickly |
|
|
Term
| What common ingredient contribute linoleic acid to poultry feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a measurement that involves the GI tract that can be made to test the effectiveness of prebiotics? |
|
Definition
| Because the oligosaccharide is non-digestible, the microbes that are attached will travel along the GIT with the ingesta, and are excreted from the bird along with other undigested food. |
|
|
Term
| What is cage layer fatigue? |
|
Definition
-occurs in prolific hens kept in battery cages.
-The disease is typified by muscular paralysis and severe osteoporosis.
-Caused by excessive calcium depletion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Chicken of Tomorrow Contest and why was it significant? |
|
Definition
| In 1948, A&P supermarkets sponsored an event to give the world a better chicken. |
|
|
Term
| What is the annual contribution of poultry to Georgia’s economy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the heart rate of a chicken? |
|
Definition
350 – 475 bpm
ball park…could be 280 for chick, 470 for 1 week old, 250 broiler, 300 mature male, 350 mature female |
|
|
Term
| What is the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage (e.g., external temperature, internal water loss). |
|
|
Term
| What is the koilin layer in the gizzard and what purpose does it serve? |
|
Definition
| secreted layer of mucus to protect the gizzard from the HCl |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the ability of birds to detect the presence of light? |
|
Definition
| changes in day length stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis |
|
|
Term
| What percent of broiler diets is made up of Corn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of broiler diets is made up of soybean meal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What societies first perfected the art of artificial incubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Hatch Act? |
|
Definition
| fostered the establishment of experimental stations for research and development of land grant colleges and provided research funding for agriculture and veterinary research at the colleges |
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Morrill Land Act? |
|
Definition
| created in each state a land grant college to teach agriculture |
|
|
Term
| What was established by the Smith-Lever Act? |
|
Definition
| established and provided funding for the Cooperative Extensive Service within the land grant universities, which resulted in the dissemination of knowledge about current developments in agriculture and home economics to the public |
|
|
Term
| What was established in 1935 that contributed to the eradication of Salmonella pallorum? |
|
Definition
| poultry improvement and testing of salmonella positive flocks; this was done by USDA |
|
|
Term
| When do rooster sperm gain motility? |
|
Definition
| when they're in the ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| Where in poultry production is AI used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the avian digestive tract is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flight muscles
-short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue)
-less myoglobin
-fewer blood vessels
-less fat
-less color |
|
|
Term
| Why do you propose that chicken production will grow significantly in developing countries in Africa and South America over the next 10 years? |
|
Definition
| I think because poultry could do great on fly larvae |
|
|
Term
| Why do you think broiler production is now shifting to larger birds? |
|
Definition
| because we’re growing them longer to get larger birds; the more meat we can get from the bird, the more meat there is for further processing; we’re not as worried about cuts as we once were |
|
|
Term
| Why does green muscle disease occur in broilers? |
|
Definition
| The green color is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin to bile salts. |
|
|
Term
| Why is beak trimming used in broiler breeders? |
|
Definition
| Beak trimming is a preventive measure to reduce damage caused by injurious pecking such as cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking, and thereby improve livability. Broiler breeding stock may be trimmed to prevent damage during mating. |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't cottonseed used in layers? |
|
Definition
| Because it has gossypol, which can discolor yolks, making them unmarketable |
|
|
Term
| Why might broilers be grown sex-separate? |
|
Definition
| because males are gonna have a higher feed efficiency and grow more rapidly, such that you would wanna give the males a more nutrient dense diet than the females |
|
|
Term
| Why might including fiber in the diet be beneficial for poultry production? |
|
Definition
-Increased fiber in the diet can decrease cannibalism and other problems associated with beaks that haven’t been trimmed
-Catabolism, villi height, pathogens
+2-3% fiber in the diet increases gastrointestinal health
+Increases intestinal villi height
+Decreases pathogenic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Why might the 50-year bamboo bloom cycle that occurs in the native regions of the jungle fowl be beneficial to poultry being an efficient production animal? |
|
Definition
| It is postulated that the jungle fowl, known as the bamboo fowl in many Southeast Asian languages, is a special pheasant well adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50-year bamboo seeding cycle to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of this prolific reproduction of the jungle fowl when exposed to large amounts of food. |
|
|
Term
| Why was poultry farming a deceptively large business in the 1800s? |
|
Definition
| It was a deceptively large business due to the high % of farms that kept chickens. |
|
|
Term
| ______ is needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the infundibulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the isthmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the magnum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the oviduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time the oocyte/egg spends in the uterus (shell gland) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digests starch and glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are found around the mouth and eyes of poultry and are believed to aid in sensory ability and protect sensitive areas.
-Comparable to mammalian eyelashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition of a hen where she is prepared to sit on eggs for the purpose of incubation and becomes receptive to caring for the young. Hens cease to lay eggs during this period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacitation is a functional maturation of the spermatozoon. The changes take place via the sperm cell membrane in which it may be that receptors are made available through the removal of a glycoprotein layer. The area of the acrosomal cap is also so altered thereby that the acrosome reaction becomes possible. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of contour feathers that make them ideal for flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of eggs layed in a row |
|
|
Term
| color of eggs laid by American class chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color of skin in chickens in the English class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typical contour feathers are the flight quills on the wings and tail. They cover the body of the bird and have more down at the lower part of the feather. Down part of feathers trap air (insulate). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leftover follicular tissue in mammals that maintains the uterine lining; absent in birds and there’s no equivalent function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a secretion in the crop produced by birds such as pigeons and doves when crop epithelial cells fill with lipid due to stimulation by the hormone prolactin |
|
|
Term
| depiction of enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the avian digestive tract compared with the human digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the female reproductive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the hypothalamus-pitutiary-testicular axis and the different hormones that are released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depictions of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-ovarian axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between the pulmonary artery and aorta |
|
Definition
-Pulmonary artery:
+Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
+Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen.
-Aorta:
+Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
|
|
Term
| differences between avian and mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
|
Definition
-Oral shaped and larger than mammalian RBC (1.5x larger)
-RBC are nucleated in birds
[image] |
|
|
Term
| function of egg shell gland |
|
Definition
| egg plumping, shell deposition, pigmentation and cuticle addition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulf ovulated ovum and site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of inner and outer egg shell membrane deposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of albumen to egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the follicle contains ovum and yolk material that serves as a nutrient source for the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oogenesis and steroidogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of egg formation and path of sperm migration |
|
|
Term
| function of the proventriculus |
|
Definition
| The proventriculus is a small organ through which ingested feed passes rapidly. The fluid secreted by the proventriculus is very similar to those in the stomach of non-ruminant mammals, containing both pepsinogen and HCl. Very little churning and mixing of feed occurs in this organ. Two types of glands predominate in the proventriculus (glandular stomach) : (1) simple mucosal glands that secrete mucus and (2) compound submucosal glands that secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects shell gland to cloaca |
|
|
Term
| functions of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
-Acts as physical boundary between bird internal structures and the external environment
-Provides protection against Injury, Parasites, and Pathogens
-Insulation – Thermoregulation – heating and cooling of the body – regulating blood flow
-Skin provides attachment structure for feathers
-Aids in flight; Acts as receptors for sensory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| functions of the renal portal system |
|
Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total amount of energy in the feed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs such as the spleen and pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Calcium and ATP are needed for muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-Ca needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge
-Ca energizes the cell
-Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until muscle fiber is depolarized
-ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
|
|
Term
| how are feathers being repurposed? |
|
Definition
| being used to make feather meal and some other things, such as microchips and attracting oil, which can be useful in an oil spill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
| how can prebiotics be used in poultry |
|
Definition
| providing a substrate for beneficial bacteria (lactobaccili) |
|
|
Term
| how can probiotics be used in poultry? |
|
Definition
| stimulating the immune system |
|
|
Term
| how chickens cool off w/o sweat glands |
|
Definition
-Cool off by evaporation through wattle and comb; there’s increased vascularization there
-Pant and use respiration |
|
|
Term
| how controlling ammonia can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Days 1-14 most important in lesion development
-Proper ventilation
-Monitor relative humidity (~50-70%). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mode of action in broilers:
-Outcompete or exclude pathogenic bacteria
-Alter metabolism by increasing digestive enzyme activity
-Improve feed efficiency, Decreased ammonia production
-Stimulate the Immune system; helps immune system be more on guard |
|
|
Term
| how feathers are arranged |
|
Definition
| Feathers are arranged in rows within tracts called pterylae. The feather tracts are separated by non-feathered spaces called apteria. There are approximately 13 pterylae and 8 apteria. |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in flight |
|
Definition
| Light, strong, large surface to weight ratio to generate lift |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in insulation |
|
Definition
assist in temperature regulation - the chicken is homothermous (warm-blooded animal) and maintains a body temperature of 41ºC (105 to 106ºF)
-Cold: fluff feathers to trap air
-Hot: hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
|
|
Term
| how feathers function in protection |
|
Definition
| Waterproofing, parasites, pathogens, social signaling, camouflage |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for ovulation to occur following oviposition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is spermatogenesis in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is spermatogenesis in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many apteria does a chicken have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many breeds are in the American class of chickens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how muscles function in movement |
|
Definition
| many work by themselves, many in pairs |
|
|
Term
| how muscles function in shape and form |
|
Definition
| surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc. |
|
|
Term
| how photostimulation factors into egg production |
|
Definition
| Photostimulation (long day length) is the message to start egg production |
|
|
Term
| how the artificial incubators of Egypt worked |
|
Definition
| The Egyptians built incubators of clay brick in which fires were kept burning by an attendant who without any kind of thermometer other than his own skin adjusted constantly burning fires to maintain the temperature at the level required for incubation of the eggs (around 102°F). Not only were eggs incubated and hatched in these incubators in large numbers, they served as brooder to keep the young chicks warm until they were ready to fend for themselves. |
|
|
Term
| how the cervical vertebrae (neck bones) are in birds |
|
Definition
| they have an “S” shape, which is designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. The S shape provides more moveability. |
|
|
Term
| how the circulatory system functions in pH and body fluid regulation |
|
Definition
-Acid-base balance (pH)
-Blood pressure and heart rate |
|
|
Term
| how the circulatory system participates in thermoregulation |
|
Definition
-Vasoconstriction – cold
-Vasodilatation - hot |
|
|
Term
| how the spinal vertebrae are in birds |
|
Definition
| they are fused to add support for wing movement |
|
|
Term
| how waterline management can be used to address hock burns |
|
Definition
-Nipple flow rates and pressure
-appropriate nipple height
-leak repair |
|
|
Term
| how you want the litter to be when managing hock burn |
|
Definition
| Proper conditions: Dry, remove caked up litter |
|
|
Term
| in birds, these things are relatively higher due to the high energy demand for flight |
|
Definition
-metabolic rate
-heart rate
-body temperature
-blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of gross energy not lost as fecal or urinary or gaseous exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth muscle contraction that moves bolus down digestive tract; bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straw colored fluid portion of the blood that is the carrier for other blood components, such as proteins, such as albumen, hormones, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systems where venous capillary beds interact with organs WITHOUT first going through the heart. You can think of these as “side trips” blood goes thru on the way back to the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity of beneficial GI microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using oil from uropygial/preen gland to condition (water proof) the bird's feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
-Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| reaction that takes place in blood that can lower pH |
|
Definition
| H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collects blood from the lower extremities and delivers it to the kidneys. Renal just simply refers to the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional unit of muscle; it’s basically 2 strands of myosin that “sandwich” actin |
|
|
Term
| some bones that are considered medullary bones |
|
Definition
-tibia
-femur
-pubic bone
-ribs
-ulna
-toes
-scapula |
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the American class of chickens |
|
Definition
-silver laced wyandottes
-Rhode Island red
-Jersey giant |
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the Continental class of chickens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some breeds in the Mediterranean class of chickens |
|
Definition
-leghorn
-buttercup
-Spanish |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of filoplumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of plumules |
|
Definition
-Short shafted
-No interlocking hooklets
-Primary function is trapping air for the conservation of heat. |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm maturation in mammal |
|
Definition
-Immature when leave testis
-Mature in epididymis
+Can fertilize eggs
+Motile
-Storage and motility are androgen dependent
-Require capacitation |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm storage in mammal |
|
Definition
-Testes and epididymis
-Duration - 60 days (bull)
-Storage is androgen dependent |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of sperm storage in rooster |
|
Definition
-Ductus deferens
+20-30 days in not actively mating
+1-3 days in sexually active
-Sperm Storage Tubules (female)
+average of 10-14 days
-Not androgen dependent in male tract or testes |
|
|
Term
| some differences between the avian and mammalian skeletons |
|
Definition
-Coracoids – a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint,
-Cervical vertebrae (neck bones) – for an “S” shape, which are designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. the S shape provides more moveability
-Spinal vertebrae – are fused to add support for wing movement
-birds have 1 occipital condile
-Bones of birds are also lighter in weight than in mammals,
-Some of the bones are hollow and actually act as part of the avian respiratory system. They are called pneumatic bones (New-Matic) and include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel (sternum), pelvic girdle, and the lumbar and sacral vertebrate.
-Another important type of bone in the avian skeleton are medullary (Med-ULarry) bones. These include the tibia, femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toes and scapula. Medullary bones are an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. The medullary bone is estrogen dependent. |
|
|
Term
| some differences between the integumentary system of birds and that of mammals |
|
Definition
-Poultry skin has NO sweat glands
-Poultry have a uropygial gland or preen gland which is a source of oil used to condition (water proof) the birds feathers (a process called preening), and glands in the outer ear canal.
-Skin of a chicken is very thin compared to mammals |
|
|
Term
| some differences between white and dark meat |
|
Definition
White meat – flight muscles, short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue), less myoglobin, fewer blood vessels, less fat, less color
Dark meat – leg muscles, longer usage, more continuous usage, more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O), more blood vessel, more fat, more color, has high aerobic capacity, has higher capillary profusion, birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
|
|
Term
| some features of the cardiac (heart) muscle |
|
Definition
-has its own pacemaker
-has gap junctions
-in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence
-gap junctions allow heart muscles to act as a single unit; synsacum (did I spell that right?) |
|
|
Term
| some functions of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
-autonomic
-blood vessels
-repro
-respiritory
-digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| some info about the American class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The American Class all originate from Canada or the US. The birds of this class are all heavy breeds and most lay brown eggs and have yellow skin. There are a total of 13 different breeds in this class. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the Continental class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The Continental Class contains large-sized chickens breeds of Continental European origins. The breeds included in this class are mostly lively birds. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the English class of chickens |
|
Definition
| The English Class is made up of breeds that originated in the UK and Australia. White skin is a characteristic sported by the breeds of this class and most are heavier birds that lay brown eggs. |
|
|
Term
| some info about the Mediterranean class of chickens |
|
Definition
| All Members of this class possess white earlobes and tend to produce white eggs. They are generally flighty with great foraging skills. Mostly originate from Italy and Spain. |
|
|
Term
| some measures to reduce wing flapping |
|
Definition
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| some nutritional considerations for addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
-Decrease Protein (high protein leads to wet droppings)
-all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD
-Frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| some other details about white blood cells |
|
Definition
-Nucleated with a colorless cytoplasm
-Most WBC are phagocytic - a cell that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues
[image] |
|
|
Term
| some pneumatic bones in birds |
|
Definition
-skull
-humerus
-clavicle
-keel (sternum)
-pelvic girdle
-lumbar vertebrae
-sacral vertebrate |
|
|
Term
| some things transported by blood |
|
Definition
-Nutrients from the alimentary tract to the tissues
-Blood gases (i.e., O2 and CO2) from lungs to tissues and back to lungs
-Metabolic waste – removal of waste products from the tissues and products of metabolism
-Hormones produced by endocrine system to their target tissues
-Immune cells for protection – leukocytes and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| some types of bones in chickens |
|
Definition
-Epiphysis
-Diaphysis
-Spongy
-Compact |
|
|
Term
| some types of smooth muscles |
|
Definition
-blood vessels
-gizzard
-intestines
-organs
-repro tract |
|
|
Term
| some unique features of the avian male reproductive system |
|
Definition
| Paired testes, Poorly developed epididymis, Ductus deferens, Rudimentary phallus |
|
|
Term
| something about the heart muscles in heart attack |
|
Definition
| in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphological changes, such as...
-Spermatid to spermatozoa
-Formation of the acrosome cap and tail |
|
|
Term
| the approximate number of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
| 9 billion broiler chickens |
|
|
Term
| the approximate value of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the approximate weight of broilers produced in the US in 2015 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the basic scheme of the hepatic portal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (aka thrombocytes) |
|
|
Term
| the components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
| In animals, the system comprises of the skin and its derivatives (e.g., feathers, beak, claws in birds). |
|
|
Term
| the criteria that are needed in the hen to reach sexual maturity |
|
Definition
-Age (14-15 weeks)
-photostimulation (12 hours)
-adequate body weight |
|
|
Term
| the difference between urea and uric acid |
|
Definition
| they’re both waste products of metabolizing protein, but the production of uric acid wastes less water than the production of urea |
|
|
Term
| the different cells of the follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the different components of the eggs |
|
Definition
-Eggshell
-Outer membrane
-Inner membrane
-Chalaza
-Outer Thin albumen
-Inner Thick Albumen
-Vitelline membrane
-Nucleus of pander
-Germinal disk (blastodisc)
-Yellow yolk
-White yolk
-Chalaziferous Layer
-Chalaza
-Air cell
-Cuticle |
|
|
Term
| the different contributions that feathers provide for birds |
|
Definition
-flight
-protection
-insulation
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
| the different functions of the circulatory system |
|
Definition
-transport
-pH and body fluid regulation
-thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| the different types of feathers |
|
Definition
-Contour
-Plumules
-Filoplumes
-Bristle
-Down |
|
|
Term
| the feedback that happens with progesterone |
|
Definition
| positive feedback on LH release |
|
|
Term
| the function of Leydig cells |
|
Definition
| Responsible for testicular androgen production |
|
|
Term
| the function of Sertoli (nurse) cells |
|
Definition
-Sperm maturation – crypts
-Provide nutrients and the optimal environmental, consume damaged sperm
-Produce “Inhibin” that block the release of FSH when enough sperm is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enters the small intestines and emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption |
|
|
Term
| the function of the kidney |
|
Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
| the functions of the uropygial gland |
|
Definition
-Lubricate scales
-Keep feathers pliable
-Provides waterproofing
-Antibacterial/antifungal properties
-Vitamin D precursors |
|
|
Term
| the ideal relative humidity for a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the layers of the epidermis |
|
Definition
-stratum corneum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum germinativum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Calamus
-Rachis
-Vane
-Barb
-Barbules
-Barbicels (hooklets) |
|
|
Term
| the process of protein digestion |
|
Definition
1: pancreas releases trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into small intestine
2: trypsinogen gets activated into trypsin by enterokinase
3: trypsin converts procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into carboxylase and chymotrypsin, respectively
4: Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides.
5: Brush border enzymes finish task, producing free amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells
-Enterocytes use sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporters move amino acids into epithelial cells (co-transporter means they bring them both in)
-Facilitated diffusion moves amino acids out into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the acrosome |
|
Definition
| enzyme to break down the innerperivitteline layer (IPVL) or the the zona pollusa, which is the coat around the ovulated egg that the sperm has to get thru to fertilize the egg |
|
|
Term
| the purpose of the digestive system |
|
Definition
-breakdown of food
-absorption of nutrients
-excretion of undigested material |
|
|
Term
| the receptors on Leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on Sertoli (nurse) cells |
|
Definition
| FSH and testosterone receptors |
|
|
Term
| the role of ATP in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| source of amino acids for the developing embryo |
|
|
Term
| the role of the germinal disc |
|
Definition
| where the female pronucleus is; the disk might help to attract sperm to it |
|
|
Term
| the role of the granulosa cells in the follicle |
|
Definition
| granulosa produces progesterone |
|
|
Term
| the role of the theca cells in the follicle |
|
Definition
| theca produces estrogen and androgen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| source of important fat soluble vitamins and lipids that will help nourish the chick as it develops |
|
|
Term
| the three requirements for successful natural fertilization |
|
Definition
1: Long fertilizable life span for ova and/or sperm
2: Accurate synchronization between copulation and ovulation
3: Copulations must occur frequently to ensure viable sperm at the time of ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| the two different cells in the testes |
|
Definition
-Leydig cells
-Sertoli cells (nurse cells) |
|
|
Term
| the two prominent myopathies that are a current concern in poultry production |
|
Definition
-green muscle disease
-pale soft exudate |
|
|
Term
| the type of bone that has bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of junctions in cardiac (heart) muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries --> Venules --> Veins --> heart |
|
|
Term
| the “extra caloric” effect of fat in the diet |
|
Definition
-Decreases rate of passage, which leads to improved intestinal digestion and absorption
-Lower heat increment
+The reduced heat increment of fat is because the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins to fatty acids is a heat producing process, so adequate levels of dietary fat lowers the energy wasting. The process of converting proteins and carbs to fat wastes energy as heat. |
|
|
Term
| this takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Growing bones fail to calcify normally
-birds are retarded in growth, unthrifty and often unable to walk
-Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus. |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of beak trimming? |
|
Definition
-reduced feather pecking
-reduced cannibalism
-better feather condition
-less fearfulness
-less nervousness
-less chronic stress
-decreased mortality |
|
|
Term
| what causes cage layer fatigue? |
|
Definition
| excessive calcium depletion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is cold |
|
Definition
| fluff feathers to trap air |
|
|
Term
| what chicken feathers do when the chicken is hot |
|
Definition
| hold feathers erect to allow air flow to skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Movement – many work by themselves, many in pairs
-Heat – regulate body temperature; this is produced by metabolism
-Shape and form – surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc.
-muscles attach to bones by tendons |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas secrete that helps with digestion? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic Exocrine Secretions, which are
-lipase
-amylase
-proteolytic enzymes
-NaHCO3 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to bile salts? |
|
Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein. |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein? |
|
Definition
| Enterohepatic Circulation |
|
|
Term
| what might be causing the increase in Pale Soft Exudative (PSE)? |
|
Definition
| stress just before slaughter could be causing an increase in pale soft exudative |
|
|
Term
| what might be causing the increase in green muscle disease? |
|
Definition
-wing flapping
-tougher sheath around pectoralis minor |
|
|
Term
what part of the ovary is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the pulmonary artery does |
|
Definition
| takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what white blood cells do |
|
Definition
| Participate in protecting the body from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sperm storage tubules located? |
|
Definition
| in the infundibulum and at the utero-vaginal junction |
|
|
Term
| where white blood cells are produced |
|
Definition
| Produced in the spleen, lymphoid tissue and in special cells in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
which bone is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 13?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 16?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 17?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 18?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 19?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 20?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 23?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 25?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 26?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 29?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 31?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which bone is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more FSH responsive? theca or granulosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more LH responsive? theca or granulosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the bone is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
| (Albumen-secretion region) |
|
|
Term
which part of the female reproductive tract is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
Isthmus
(with an incomplete egg) |
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| space containing red marrow |
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the femur is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which portal system is the gallbladder part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which requirements for successful natural fertilization are characteristics of chicken fertilization? |
|
Definition
-Long fertilizable life span of ovum
-Long retention of fertilizing capacity by sperm |
|
|
Term
| who won the Chicken of Tomorrow Contest? |
|
Definition
| Arbor Acres won pure breed category; Vantress Hatchery won the overall contest. |
|
|
Term
| why all vegetable diets are bad for FPD |
|
Definition
| because all vegetable diets have been found to have higher incidence and severity of FPD |
|
|
Term
| why trypsin is a vital protease needed for digestion |
|
Definition
| When activated, trypsinogen becomes trypsin and trypsin in turn can activate two other pancreatic zymogens (procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen). Trypsin then converts procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase. Trypsin helps with hydrolysis and breaking peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
| why you don't wanna change the ingredients too frequently when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| because frequent ingredient changes causes bacterial imbalances which leads to wet droppings. |
|
|
Term
| why you want to avoid broodiness when egg production is the goal |
|
Definition
| because then you have a continuation of lay period with an occasional skip day |
|
|
Term
| why you want to decrease the protein when addressing hock burns |
|
Definition
| high protein leads to wet droppings |
|
|
Term
| why younger birds need a more nutrient dense feed? |
|
Definition
| Because they have a more immature digestive system and eat less per unit of body weight |
|
|
Term
| why ~15 weeks of age is critical for a hen in terms of reaching sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| because ~15 weeks, the hypothalmic/pituitary axis matures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive form of an enzyme that becomes activated at the site of digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal chicken breast on left, one affected by Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) on right |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Definition
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